Western colonialism Essay Example

Western colonialism Essay A lot of negative effects caused by Western colonialism and capitalism in the third world countries that have contributed to their current political and economic crises have been discussed; however, the main objective of this presentation is to discuss the progressive role played by Western colonialism and capitalism in the third world countries when contrasted with pre-colonial period and where they were left by their colonial masters to present date. Colonialism Colonialism refers to as a system whereby a state holds sovereignty over territory and people who are outside its own boundaries. It assumes the right of one people to impose their will to others. Between nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most rich and powerful states in the European countries such as Britain did own third world colonies. Up-to-date, the legitimacy of colonialism by European countries to these third world countries has elicited a heated debate in political arena and among the moral philosophers all over the world. Colonialism is not a new phenomenon. In the past society used to expand to immediate territories and settling it own natives on the newly conquered land. Such example includes the ancient Greeks, Romans and Ottomans to mention but a few. We will write a custom essay sample on Western colonialism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Western colonialism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Western colonialism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But it is evident that colonialism was not static but evolving due to technological advancements particularly in navigation that enabled connecting to the remotest parts of the world. Invention of the fast sailing ships facilitated reaching the distant ports in other side of the world while managing to maintain closer ties between the mother land of the master colonialism and their colonial territories. Therefore, the modern European colonialism materialized when it was possible to move large number of people across the ocean and maintain political sovereignty regardless of geographical scatteredness. Many political theorists have troubled themselves in attempt to reconcile ideas about the justice and law with the practice with which European ruled over the third world countries. In nineteenth century, conflict emerged that made tension to build up between the proponents of liberal thought and colonial practice. Many of political philosophers stood to defend the principles of attainments of universalism and equity while on the other hand they were antagonistic in bid to legitimize colonialism and imperialism. They reconciled this controversy with idea that, there was a need for ‘civilization mission’ which was to be for temporal period of what they called political dependence that was vital so that to make ‘uncivilized’ societies to advance in a state of achieving sustainable liberal institutions and self government. Capitalism Capitalism refers to European practices that not only include social practices that are easily practiced over geographical and historical distances but also encompass the ‘way of thinking’. The term capitalist has been widely used in the Marxist theory which refers to means of production that are on the hands of a few and operated for   making   profit and that the benefits realized from the production belong to the owners of the means of production. Mercantilism was the earliest form of capitalist in the olden days that originated in the Middle East, Rome and also existed during early Middle Age. It involved distribution of goods in the transactions in such way that there is profit making. In this situation, goods were bought from one place and move to another site to be sold at relatively higher prices. Beside Romans, Arabic cultures were also known of mercantilism. They had a long history on their trade routes in their major empires. Medieval Europeans learnt learned about this type of economy from their Islamic neighbors as it has been noticed in large number of economic terms found in European languages some which are derivatives from Arabic. Gradually, mercantilism in Europe evolved into economic practices that were eventually referred to as capitalism. Capitalism employs the same principle as mercantilism that involves large scale profit realization by acquisition of goods at lower price than selling them at a profit.   Capitalism is characterized by several features. First, there is accumulation of means of the production such as materials, land and tools by minority of people. This property accumulation is referred to as capital and the owners of these means of production are known as capitalists. The second characteristic of capitalism is productive labor. Human work is of great importance because it facilitates the production of goods and their distribution. This happens in form of the wage labor. The striking aspects of wage labor here is that it is not invested in the product and it is considered to be efficient in terms of productivity. Capitalism boosts individual productivity by means of division of labor whereby productive labor is divided into smallest components possible. In capitalism, the means of production and labor is manipulated by the capitalist by use of rational circulation to gain profit. On the other hand, capitalism as a way of thinking is basically individualistic. This is true because it focuses on capitalist endeavor. This bring out the Enlightenment concepts of individuality in that all the individuals are not the same; the society is composed of individual in pursuit of their own interest and that they should be free to peruse their own interests, that is ,economic freedom. Also, this concept advocates for democratic sense in that individuals perusing their own interests can guarantee the interests of the whole society. Therefore, Enlightenment idea of progress is grounded on the fact that the large-scale social goal of unregulated capitalism can produce wealth and make the national economy wealthier and more affluent than it would otherwise have not been. So, essentially, capitalism as a way of thinking is built on the concept of economic growth (Friedman Friedman, pp5). While this may be true, capitalism has been having a close link with adverse effects of human inequality and valorization that has characterized exploitation of one or more groups by others. It has been argued that capitalist relations evoke alienation of workers from the products they make. This makes both commodities and the workers circulating commodities that circulate in the expanding market. When the laborers are considered to be interchangeable, it becomes the interest of the capitalist to give workers low wage or no wage at all. By doing this, capitalists are able to create surplus of money from their capital invested meanwhile their commodities circulate in the market. Because human beings were one of the vital commodities for success in early capitalism, enslaved workers could be shipped between the colonial territories to the help in monocropping on the large plantations. Presently, capitalist is usually understood to be a mean of system whereby the allocation of resources is by dictates of mechanism of the markets that are driven by profit motive. The advantages of the capitalism are that the government does not interfere   with the business because there is limited control over it   and that people have choice on what they want to do and where. Also, people are at liberty to do what they want with their money. However, this mode of economy has negative outcomes. Because the government is required to liberalize the market it has limited control over it and this can make few businesses to take monopoly which may lead to inefficiencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to this, capitalism only reward those who are fortunate to have natural scare abilities and not necessarily as result of hard work and this lead to huge inequities in income and wealth. The Progressive role of Western colonialism and capitalism in Third world Even though colonialism and capitalism had its own shortcomings, nevertheless, there is also a positive effect on balance we can talk about. Before colonialism, Africa only knew of socialism which was widely practiced among different communities.   Socialism is a system that advocates for collective ownership and management of the means of production and distribution of goods. It is the opposite of capitalism which is a system hereby economy is based on private ownership of the means of production and personal profit can be realized through capital investment and employment of labor. Colonialism brought a new idea to Africa that the material progress and prosperity were possible for the masses of people. Africans in pre-colonial period did not imagine that could ever happen. They assumed that the material possessions they had were fixed. They believed in such things like plenty of the harvest could result to increase of food in the basket but the idea that living conditions could be changed was strange to them. They did not have a clue of the prospect that instead of trekking for miles in search of water it was possible to have piped water homes. Colonialism brought idea of progress in humanity. They enabled them to realize that people have capability to improve their condition of existence and that tomorrow could be much better that today (Ondeng, pp 26). Development of Infrastructure When colonialism stepped into sub-Saharan Africa three main objectives were the driving force. First objective was to meet the increasing demand of the raw materials for their industries. Second objective was to be able to secure areas and their territories that could form the market for their industrial goods produced by the capitalisms as it was are of industrial evolution. The last objective was that, they wanted to identify and dominate certain strategic areas that would be their future potential region for their investments. Therefore, as it can be seen, the main aim of capitalism expansion through colonialism was purely economic. But it was first necessary through political process of colonialism to create colonial territories to be able to achieve economic goals. Establishment of colonial territories was immediately followed by setting out diversified changes that included both social and economic among subdued societies in order to fulfill economic targets. This called for breaking down the already existed social and political system which resulted in replacement of traditional chiefdoms and kingdoms by Western European political system and consolidation of colonial state. Greater portions of fertile lands were given to settler farmers who produced non-agricultural raw materials for western industries. In order to make this kind of economy efficient, there was a dire need to establish   communication infrastructure such roads, railway lines and ports so that there can be a linkage between hinterland and coastal to facilitate securing resources and human labor. In such regions only footpaths did exist that were used by human porters and animal. Most of the roads and railway network seen today in many parts of African countries speaks of a positive legacy from Western colonialism and capitalist in Africa and other third world countries. A good example of such country is Nigeria. In pre-colonial period, transport systems were limited to porterage over the land that was only utilized by animal and humans and small boats in waterways that are in southern and central Nigeria. In states of Nigeria, there were extensive trade routes in its territories which also facilitated movement of goods across the deserts to trade with North Africa and extended to the coast that involved trade with European. The roads were maintained by local leaders using hired labor or conscripted locals on the basis of the age. During this period the basic means of transport were pack animals and human porters. When British claimed Nigeria to be its colony, is started building transport network that would make efficient its ruling over this territory and make easier utilization of the resources in the region. It started with construction of the roads which was later followed by railway lines construction. This facilitated movement of good and people from one place to another as the need demanded which was critical as it helped to maintain strong economic and political ties within its territory. Since Nigeria gained independence there has been little in building new infrastructure network apart from what was established by their colonial master. This has   been so because the Civilian governments had experiencing budgetary deficit and their priorities were to maintain regional   divisions rather than improving transportation network and building better one in accordance modern world technology. However, while some few military governments were interested in development of better transport system, this turned to be a day dream. Therefore, post-colonial transport systems currently existing are just minimal maintenance of the infrastructure which their colonial master had set. This is a clear indication of the progressive role the Western colonialism and capitalism did play in Nigeria before they had left (Husher, para. 4-9). Suppression of barbaric practices Colonialism brought enlightenment in Africa.   During pre-colonial period some African countries cannibalism and pagan worship was common practices. Practices such as cannibalism were usually restricted to specific regions particularly in West Africa. Such practices were not necessarily driven by craves for human flesh but were basically for rituals and sacrifices.   The belief behind these practices of man eating were to receive imbibe magic strength that was considered to be transferred by through soul material. This soul material was particularly identified by certain body part of the victim particularly the head. In the community that practiced such behavior they had a belief that if a young man ate the elder, such individual could get wisdom or if it was an elder who ate a young victim this could have added vigor. African had a strong attachment with the dead. In fact, cannibalism in Africa was part of religious act that consisted of complex rules that actually prescribed who should partake of the human flesh and who is supposed to be eaten and also clearly spelt out which part were to be eaten. It also described what parts of the victim’s body were to be kept as part of relics. There were other instances where medicines were made out of the human flesh. For instance, in Leopard societies in Sierra Leone, they used human entails to make certain kind of medicines. When the Sierra Leone became a British colony, the first thing they did was to bring to an end this practice. First, the British investigated what was happening in the jungle. When it had a breakthrough in its investigations to address this extraordinary killing of human beings, it passed a bill which was called ‘The Leopard Ordonance’. This outlawed any possession of a leopard skin that were usually worn by these people who practiced these rituals, a three- pronged knife and a special native medicine called Borfina that constituted a concoction of human flesh such as fat and blood. It was potent in the hand of its owner as it was believed to help one to be powerful and rich .Through use of law and assimilation of European culture Africans experienced a transformation that played a great role in liberating them from such practices. This helped to uphold human dignity and universal human rights particularly right to life (Karoline, para. 7-14). Modern medicine As many of colonial powers embarked on a political project to control much of the world, diseases were the major obstacles for their expansion particularly in African continent. Tropical diseases such as malaria among others posed great challenge because there was no efficient form of medical treatment that existed in African land before except traditional medicine.   Many African had a belief that disease was as result of witchcraft or evil spirits as opposed to empirical approach in treatment and management of the disease by European countries .This necessitated them to have attachment of medical personnel to commercial marines and putting up of rudimentary hospital facilities at their colonial territories. A good example is development of medical care in Tanzania. Christian missionaries were the first to introduce allopathic medicine in the territory. Eventually the colonial master in Tanzania assumed the responsibility of providing the health care to serve the army garrison that was stationed in the region partly to counter indigenous resistance and also to provide health care to European settlers. In British colonies they promoted establishment of the London and Liverpool schools of medicine where the study of tropical disease such as those found in the region was given the first priority. After World War 1, Tanzania became a British colony and it assumed the control of colonial medical care where it provided medical care at provincial and district administration levels, voluntary services that involved missions and employer-based that catered for the medical needs at plantations, mines and factories. They also implemented preventative measures that were in form of public health programs. This greatly helped to address the health needs of African that never existed before. It is on the basis of these colonial efforts to address tropical diseases which were a threat to their lives helped to see African countries with improved health care and reduced mortality rate from fatal tropical diseases (Baer, Singer and Susser, pp 18-22). Conclusion Colonialism by the Europe countries was considered to be a mission of civilization to the ‘uncivilized societies’ to be able to advance in state of achieving sustainable liberalized institutions and self government. However the legitimacy of colonialism by these European nations has always staged unsettled debate both in political sphere and with moral philosophers all over the world. Colonialism proved to be the only way through which West Europe could peruse their capitalism motives in the third world countries. Even though there have been shortcomings associated with colonial rule there has been an overall positive effect for Africa. Colonial rule brought enlightenment where ignorance did thrive. It helped to suppress barbaric practices such as pagan worship and cannibalism among others. It laid the seeds of the intellectual and material development as seen through infrastructure development, formal education and modern medicine that saved many Africans lives from deadly tropical diseases that were considered to be caused by witchcraft. Also it helped to reduce the economic gap whereby integration of colonies into international capitalist economy ushered in initial stages of globalization.

Core Competencies Essays

Core Competencies Essays Core Competencies Paper Core Competencies Paper Figure 1 shows the processes of product development, order fulfillment, apply chain management, and customer service in contrast to typical business functions such as sales, manufacturing, purchasing, and accounting. As companies become skilled at thinking processes, instead functional departments or products or markets, a new dimension Of strategy opens up. Consider Chaparral Steel, the tenth largest steel producer in the United States, a minimal of less than 1 ,OHO workers that nevertheless has set world productivity records several times and was the first American steel company to receive a Japanese Industrial Quality Certification. Chaparral management lows its competitors to tour its plants at will because they cant take (what we do best) home with them. Although Chaparral is known for its low cost and high technology, its core competency is not technology, but the ability to transform technology rapidly into new products and processes. By the time a competitor copies its current technology, Chaparral is confident they will have moved on to something else. Similarly, the Gap cant predict what young consumers will wear any better than other retailers, but it can offer them more choices and react quickly when styles or colors hit. The Gaps core competency in sourcing, logistics, and supply chains allows the company to introduce more than twenty new fashion lines into its stores each year. Centering strategy around processes makes it easier to identify core competencies. Do you remember the classic strategy tale of the buggy-whip manufacturer whose primary task of making buggy whips drove him out of business when other modes of transportation came on the scene? Would the buggy-whip manufacturer have succeeded if it had defined itself in terms of the transportation industry and converted to making cars? Probably not. The company had no expertise in internal combustion engines or metal chassis. But its competence in leather fabrication might have positioned it to manufacture leather gloves or handbags. Strategy is led by competencies. As a firm learns more about it competencies, a process orientation allows several interesting options for capitalizing on what a firm does best. Companies can further develop and exploit their competencies by: Enhancing the value a competency provides to customers. As a starting point companies should determine which processes matter most to their customers and work to improve the competencies related to them. This may lead to new opportunities. For example, Goodyear no longer just delivers tires to Invariants warehouse. It operates the tire warehouse for Invariants mounts and balances the tires on Invariants trucks. Federal Express not only delivers small parts and critical supplies for computer manufacturers and medical services, it maintains their inventory levels as well. Transforming an internal competence into a salable item. American Airlines markets its SABER reservation system to airlines and travel agents, and its maintenance system o other airlines. Triton of Massachusetts sells its telemarketing services: L. L Bean markets its customer service process; and Xerox, Westinghouse, AT T, and others have spun off firms to market their quality-improvement processes. Applying competencies in a creative way to new products and services. HR Block used its expertise in recruiting and managing short term employees during tax season to create a competitive advantage in the field of temporary services. Creating new competencies and finding new markets. John Deere, a farm equipment manufacturer, developed impenitence in financial services so that it could provide its retail dealer network with insurance. The company later sold these processes to automobile dealers, boat dealers, and recreational dealers. Rare and valuable resources and capabilities are the fundamental source of competitive advantage. Resources are tangible (e. G. , equipment, machinery, mail list), intangible (e. G. , brand name, customer knowledge, money), or human assets that the firm currently possesses. Resources likely emerge as the result of prior investments, actions or ongoing capabilities. Ive provided you with examples of John (Deers Company) marketing resources below. Knowledge and Informational Resources Customer information system (i. . , a CRM database) Customer knowledge or understanding Reseller (e. G. , retailer) knowledge or understanding Relational Resources Customer loyalty Customer relationships Reseller (e. G. , brokers, retailer) relationships Legal Resources Brand Trademarks Reputation Resources Brand equity Brand awareness Physical Resources Distribution network Retail locations Human Resourc es Company-owned sales force Organizational F-uncial Resources All forms of capital (money, plant, equipment) might be relevant, especially if the lack of these resources creates a constraint. And capabilities are compel patterns of skills in deploying resources (e. G. , patents, know-how, brand names, equipment) to perform a task or activity to produce a desired end result. Deere is particularly interested in dynamic capabilities that the company can apply to create, extend, or modify its resource base. Ive provided you with examples of John (Deers Company) marketing capabilities below. Product Management Ability to develop and deliver superior-q laity and/or customized goods and revise. Communications Management and Brand-building capability Ability to create and manage customer value perceptions leading to high levels of brand equity, using effective: positioning, advertising message delivery, personalized communications, and integrated marketing communications. Pricing Management Ability to extract the optimal revenue and profit from customers through price discrimination tactics, for example, using a sophisticated yield management system capability. This is unrelated to the ability to charge a high price (which is a function of product or marketing differentiation) or a owe price (which is a function of cost leadership). Channel Management Ability to establish and manage channels of distribution that effectively and efficiently deliver value to end-user customers. Customer Relationship Management Ability to identify profitable customers and prospects and initiate, maintain, and leverage relationships with these customers to create superior customs level profits. Requires data collection interpretation capability for individual customers, individual customer targeting capability, and personalized communications capability.

Ethics and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and society - Essay Example In order for one to determine the true nature of human happiness, it is essential to take note of the function of human beings. This is so because an individual’s happiness consists of the fulfillment of the natural function, in the direction towards which his being is focused. The natural function in question should be something that is essential and unique to human beings. The rational part of the soul is as important as the spirited parts. The rational part is what is used to determine an individual’s identity. This translates to mean that the happiness of human beings is depicted in the activity of the soul, whether the spirited part or the rational part. This kind of activity is normally expressed through ethical virtues or rather, it is expressed when one focuses his actions according to reason. Aristotle, in his book says that friendship is defined by the principles of virtue and goodness. When people recognize the virtues in each other, they may become true frie nds. The nature of friendship is determined by the motive of individuals to become friends in the first place. Real friendship is accompanied by great understanding of each other, and this in turn is a great source of happiness. Every human being loves to feel cared for by another person. Another reason to believe that friendship based on good is indeed a necessary part of happiness is that it is accompanied by mutual respect and trust, as well as support and selfless cooperation with each other. All these things are part of what makes human beings happy. Without such virtues found in true friendship, then human beings would have empty souls. Aristotle candidly states that friendship based on good cannot be separated from happiness, that is, having friends is by all means part and parcel of being happy. There may be no limit or minimum of the number of true friends that one may need in order to be happy. However, Aristotle says that an individual can have close friendship with an ex tremely limited number of people simultaneously. Friendship is by all means an important part of human life. Aristotle says, â€Å"there are three types of friendship: friendship based on pleasure, usefulness and virtue (Book VIII Chapter 3).† Friendship based on virtue is the only genuine friendship. Friendship based on either usefulness or pleasure tends not to last for long. This means that it will only last for as long as each individual or party derives the pleasure or usefulness he wants from the relationship. Friendship based on the good translates to friendship based on virtues. Virtue based friendship entails wishing good for other people. This kind of friendship is indeed genuine and is necessary for all individuals to be able to grow holistically and gain self-knowledge. Friendship based on good presupposes justice, encompassed in many other virtues. The most outstanding virtue of a friend is love. Aristotle posits interestingly that the existing relationship betwe en friends is more like the harmonious relationship between the different parts of the soul of a man of virtue. Aristotle views friendship as being equivalent to self-love. This may seem as though he is advocating for some sought of egoism. Aristotle is quick to rule out this conclusion by outlining the distinction between the good and the negative forms of self-love. Aristotle argues that real or true self-love

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research Paper Example SAS did not look back from then onwards. Continuous research and development helped the software achieve new milestones in the industry with the ability of the software to run on different platforms and across multivendor system architecture, which it is still famous for. One interesting point worth mentioning here is that the company kept on expanding and becoming more and more global each day, the internal corporate cultures and values have remained the same throughout. It is a privately help company. The solutions provided by the company have helped client organizations innovate and improve their performance. The company motto is ‘The power to know’ and this is what they do for their customers, they help the customers make better, informed decisions. The company proudly states that they impact every single person every day they believe that they have role in the daily lives of everyone. SAS has been able to help organizations utilize the greatest and most powerful ass et they possess, the data and has helped them in turning it into useful information. SAS is uses at more than 50,000 sites in more than 100 countries around the globe including the 93 out of the top 100 Companies on the Fortune 500 Global list of 2010 (About SAS, 2011). Right from its birth, the company had a unique organizational culture. They had instilled a unique value within the employees of the organizations that the business of doing business is everyone’s job. An example of this approach is back in the early days, when a shipment of user manuals came, everyone stopped whatever they were doing and formed a human chain to ship those manuals to the storage space on the second floor. The company always maintained their focus on the customers right from the start. They had employees listened to the customers and tried to answer their queries and take their suggestions into consideration. Emphasis on the satisfaction of employees was as important as customer satisfaction. T he company offered a flexible work environment and a employee-friendly culture and it did so right from its start and has maintained its trademark up till now. They have also gained continuous recognition from FORTUNE, Working Mother, BusinessWeek, and Mother Jones Magazines for their great work place environment. Not only the company managed to maintain a great work culture at its head office, it has also managed to do the same while earning recognition for it at the same time. In 1999, SAS Australia was the first office outside USA to be recognized as a great place to work. Other offices around the world also started getting recognition for the same reason later on. In USA, SAS has been consistently in the list of â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work for† since 1998 and it was named no. 1 in the same list during 2010 and 2011. The above-mentioned statistics and information highlight the success of the company from the time it came into being. Several factors are responsible for making a corporation successful. SAS has emphasized and implemented certain strategies and indulged into a work culture that has made it largest privately held software company and the no. 1 employer in the United States. Critical Success Factors SAS CEO, Jim Goodnight regards employees as their most valuable assets and this has clearly been one of the main reason behind their exceptional success in the past 35 years of their existence (Culture, 2011). Several changes have evolved in the business model as well as the employee

5000 word essay Critically compare and contrast jungian therapy versus

5000 word Critically compare and contrast jungian therapy versus person centred counselling - Essay Example Therefore, this focuses on assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioural problems and disorders. If one desires to deal with this ability, it would encompass the efforts on the ways in which the human psyche interacts with physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and dysfunction. Clinical psychology uses the scientific method to approach and understand human problems in behaviour, emotions, thinking, relationships, and health, and it uses what is known about the principles of human behaviour to help people with numerous troubles and concerns they experience during the course of life in their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. Contemporary clinical psychology uses integrative approaches to understand and address problems in human behaviour. Individual perspectives, indeed, contribute important pieces of understanding to the puzzle of human behaviour, but these pieces often need to be joined in a novel way together to visualize the whole picture and to provide the most complete and holistic perspective. For example, advances in biology have provided important knowledge about the role of neurotransmitters in depression. Similarly personal variables, such as, poverty, discrimination, and community support in depression are well appreciated. Ultimately , an intelligent melding of these biological, psychological, and social factors leads to intervention strategies that best address the complex needs of depressed individuals. Thus, one theoretical orientation alone may not address the complexity of the person seeking help. Although various clinical psychologists may be closely aligned to one particular theoretical or philosophical orientation, most contemporary clinical psychologists believe that problems in human behaviour are multidimensional, and they, therefore, use an integrative approach that suggests that

Marketing For Chanel And Ports

Marketing For Chanel And Ports Chanel, one of the most premier luxury product company (Thorogood, ND) that is from France, was established by Gabrielle Chanel who was the most influential designer of the twentieth century (Chanelworld, 2006) in 1910. The design style of Chanel inclines toward unadorned to instead of gorgeous (Yournewfragrance, 2010). The first design of Gabrielle was hats which were sold to fashionable mistresses in a meeting. It was an opportunity that making numerous fashionable noblewomen know her products. Except for hats, costume, jewelry, perfume and textile were devised for women (Womenshistory, 2010). 1.1.2 Ports Figure 2 the symbol of Ports (Imgsrc, nd) I make clothes for a woman who is intelligent: a woman who is doesnt want to wear things that will distract from her Luke Tanabe (PORTS founder) Ports was founded by Luke Tanabe in Canada in 1961. He dreamed of establishing company about luxury clothes in virtue of the social reform which led to the design style of clothes to be transformed radically (Ports-intl, 2010a). His first design was the NO.10 blouse which inaugurated the new fashion epoch. The blouse was popular in Canada, the UK, and Australia because of plain and exquisite tailoring (Ports-intl, 2010a). 1.2 Theory 1.2.1 Market Mix Marketing Mix is that element of a firms marketing strategies which are designed to meet the needs of its customers, including product, price, place and promotion (Hall et all, 2008:p75). It means that companies must use reasonable prices and complete promotions to sell correct products in the right places (Hall et all, 2008:p75) 1.2.2 Market Segmentation Market segmentation means that companies stand on marketing research to confirm and classify the purchasers which have parallel needs, embracing geographically, demographically, psychographically, and behaviourally. (Hall et all, 2008:p66) 1.3 Aims According to Cnga.org (2009), China will become the third biggest market of luxury during 5 years. Therefore, in this report, Chanel and Ports are analysed about the Market Mix and the demographics of Market segmentation in China. Furthermore, aspects of these two companies are compared and contrasted. Finally, there are the conclusion and recommendations to Chanel and Ports. Findings 2.1 Market Mix 2.1.1 Product 2.1.1.1 Chanel Product is one of factors in Marketing Mix. Chanel offers fashionable, luxurious and stylish products (935.ibm, 2002); and further, the materials of Chanels apparels and leathers are admired by consumers on account of retaining the stuff stronger (Yournewfragrance, 2010). What is more, Chanel sternly restrains the design, manufacture, consignment, and commercial to promise the best criterion of the product (935.ibm, 2002). 2.1.1.2 Ports The attires of Ports, which are use the best fabric from Italy, are celebrated because of shirts (Ftchinese, 2007), such as the plain and exquisite NO.10 blouse. Moreover, the packaging is one of the best methods to show the products for companies. The colour of Portss shopping paper bag was changed black into brown which is Portss symbol. 2.1.2 Price 2.1.2.1 Chanel Price is another aspect for Market Mix. The price of Chanel must far higher than other ordinary similar companies owing to two premier causes. For one thing, Chanel is an international luxury brand so that its material is quality and the careful tailoring which is second reason. For example, According to Ib100 (2008), a shirt of Chanel is sold approximately RMB 2,600 in China; however the shirt of Ports is sold RMB 1,799 (Ports-intl, 2010b). 2.1.2.2 Ports The prices of Portss merchandises are reasonable when compared to other luxury brands. According to (Ports-intl, 2010c), the prices of shirts are between RMB 1,100 and 2,000 in China, however, the prices are 30%-50% lower than other luxury companies for similar quality and style, which can encourage consumers to spend. (Blog.sina, 2009) 2.1.3 Place 2.1.3.1 Chanel The place is the third part in the Marketing Mix. Cn.chanel (nd) shows that there are 17 Chanel boutiques to be managed in China, and most of them are located in upscale shopping centers or in stores that have numerous purchasers. Major airports also have Chanel boutiques. In addition, Chanel plans to sell its products on the Internet. 2.1.3.2 Ports Ftchinese (2007) report that Ports has 370 stores all over the world; nevertheless, approximately 82% of its stores are built in major cities of China because the Chinese are its favorite customers, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Xiamen ( Portsdesign, 2005: P4). Furthermore, these stores are located in large shopping centers with a heavy flow of consumer traffic. Finally, products of Ports also are sold on the Internet (Ports-intl, 2010d). 2.1.4 Promotion 2.1.4.1 Chanel The last element is promotion, which can help companies sell their products. There are two different promotional measures of Chanel. First of all, the attire of Chanel is demonstrated in movies (Womenshistory, 2010). Apart from movies, famous actors are invited to occupy spokesmodels, such as Nicole Kidman who can make the products become classical (Yournewfragrance, 2010). 2.1.4.2 Ports There are three different manners to be used by Ports. To begin with, Ports is one of the largest advertisers in the PRC that is a fashion magazineà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Portsdesign, 2005:p9). Secondly, the clothes were worn in movies, such as The Devil Wears Prada. Thirdly, it is the best manner that Ports contribute RMB500, 000 to Chinese Red Cross because of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. It not only helps victims, but can also increase the image of Ports. 2.2 Market Segmentation The primary aspect of Marketing Segmentation is demographics which will be introduced, comprising six parts, such as age, income, gender, social class, religion and ethnic grouping (Hall et all, 2008:p67-69) 2.2.1 Chanel Chanel stands on gender, income and lifestyle to segment its market. To start with, the feminine products are the most important orientation for Chanel, although Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer of Chanel after Gabrielle Chanel, began to design the merchandise for males in 1981 (Yournewfragrance, 2010). Besides, most of consumers are gentlewomen who do not need to possess vocations and always attend different banquets which are their lifestyles; hence Chanel has no misgivings about the social class of its consumers, and it barely attaches importance to the income because the cost of Chanel is high. Luxuryinstitute (2007) shows, consumers of Chanel have an income above RMB 2,002,000. 2.2.2 Ports Market segmentations, such as age, income, lifestyle and social class, are used by Ports to decide the scope of purchasers. Above all, the audiences of ports aged between 25 and 45 (Portsdesign, 2005:p5), thus Ports does not produce the apparels of children or elderly humans, and it merely designs for adults which are its orientation. The income, lifestyle and social class are, moreover, the main aspects to classify the consumers. It is a chance for Ports that increasingly women have their own occupations in China because Ports identifies the consumers who have high income over RMB 100,000 every year, living and working in large modern cities, such as manager, lawyer which occupation request well education (blog.sina, 2009). Discussion 3.1 Compare and contract Market Mix of two companies 3.1.1 Product Both Chanel and Ports use the quality fabric to design the luxury products for females; nevertheless, Chanel severely dominates designs and manufactures to ensure the barely flawless products, hence consumers are inclined to treasure its products which are symbol of purchasers status. Ports is different from Chanel, it tends to design the attires for career women. 3.1.2 Price Furthermore, the cost of Ports is lower than Chanels because of two reasons. For a start, Chanel is more celebrated than Ports; moreover, the cost of Ports are lower than other luxury brands because the products of Ports are made in China so that barely deliver the minimum importing tax to Chinese government and there has a low labor cost in China (blog.sina 2009). As a result, the productions cost are lower, the prices are lower too. 3.1.3 Place The largest difference between Chanel and Ports of Sale Place is that only 17 Chanel boutiques are managed in China; in contrast, the Portss main marketing is in China. However, Chanel is similar to Ports because they sell their merchandises in the large shopping centers or on the Internet. 3.1.4 Promotion The similar promotions of Chanel and ports are that their apparels were used in the movies, and invited famous actors to occupy their spokesmodels. Whereas, it is the large different that Ports donates money to humans who encounter disaster, such as Whenchuan earthquake. 3.2 Compare and contract Market Segmentation of two companies. After Market segmentations of Chanel and Ports were analyzed. Income and lifestyle, which are element of segmentation, are the similar for those two companies because both them are international luxury goods so that the prices are higher than other common clothes companies. However, some factors of segmentation are different between Chanel and Ports. The biggest dissimilarity is that Ports produces the goods for females and males who aged 25-45; on the contrary, the women are main consumers for Chanel which company do not worried about the age, therefore the elderly women, such as Queen Elizabeth II, also can wear the attire of Chanel. Consequently, Ports segments the marketing though age; in comparison, the gender is the main segmentation for Chanel. Conclusion All in all, even though Chanel is more famous than Ports, Chanel is luxury brands with Ports; they have different or similar manners to operate their companies, such as promotion. While Ports and Chanel showed the clothes in the movies, Ports also use other significance ways to promote which is a large different for Chanel. Recommendations Chanel depends on movies and actors to promote their products; however, Chanel can study Ports, using money to help impoverished humans which is one of the best ways. It can increase image of Chanel, making human consider that Chanel has the common aspects too, and assist others. In addition, ports still need to use more advertising to increase the celebrity rating because it is not extremely well-know in worldwide.

Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literary critism is extremely essential in the understanding of literature works. Critism on Edgar Allan Poe varies with poems, short stories, and other literary works. Harold Bloom has published two books maybe even more on the critism and interpretation of Edgar Allan Poe’s works. In both of these books there are other authors and critics, explaing and evaluating Poe’s works. Some critical view points are on his poems, others are on his short stories, and some are just on his style of writing. Since Edgar Allan Poe has published many poems and short stories over a period of time it is no wonder why there is so much critism on his works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Daniel Hoffman’s book â€Å" Poe Poe Poe Poe† , he tells a story about a professor who is to lecture about Poe’s poetry. Before the professor begins to read one of Poe’s poems, he states â€Å" No poet in the English tongue who is still read with reverence has committed such gaffes against the genius of our language, nor has written lines of comparable banality.† ( Hoffman, p. 20 ). This explains how other poets respect and admire the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe . There is not just admiration and respect for Poe’s poems, there is also negative critism. A critic named John Neal stated If Edgar Allan Poe of Baltimore whose lines About â€Å" Heaven† , though he professes to r- Egard them as all together superior to any thing in the whole range of American poetry, Save two or three trifles referred to, are non- sense, rather exquisite nonsense- would but do himself justice (he) might make a beautiful and perhaps a magnificent poem. (Neal, p. 35). This is not exactly negative critisim, but it is not recognizing Poe as a magnificent poet as most other people do. Shoshana Felman does not give her own opinion of Poe, but tells how the rest of society sees him. She states the Poe is both highly acclaimed, and violently disclaimed as a poet. She also says that he is the most controversial, and thoroughly misunderstood figure in the American literary scene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only are Poe’s poems controversial and misunderstood, but so are his short stories or â€Å" tales â€Å". Not everybody finds them controversial though, some people admire them and find â€Å" genius â€Å" in them. D.H. Lawrence sees Poe more as a scientist than an artist. D.H.