The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 2522 Words

In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini creates an awareness and humanization of Afghanistan as a nation and as a culture. Through a postcolonial perspective, the main character, Amir resembles the internal conflicts and external tribulations that a country and its citizens’ face when living in a war-torn region. Postcolonial criticism offers a unique perspective by highlighting the destructive events that lead to death and misery, rather than glorifying the exploratory nature of colonists as they expand. With this new viewpoint, the explorers are â€Å"no longer seen as advanced and enlightened;† instead they are â€Å"plainly savage and selfish† (Brizee 2). Voyagers such as Christopher Columbus are not messengers of the new world, but genocidal religious extremist. Through the actions and thoughts of the characters in The Kite Runner, the politics and the psychology of the anti-colonist resistance is displayed. For once the colonized are not forgotten, Kite Runner gives the silenced people of Afghanistan their voice. But there are some critiques of using the post colonialism perspective to analyze and understand history. By accepting the theory entirely, then an individual’s own motivated actions and personal fate are discredited. People lose their sense of free will and instead are just products of their epoch and environment. Following the events on September 11th, the Muslim community has become unjustly stigmatized and hated. Many Americans suffered on that tragic day and to copeShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t kno wn until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Different Theories Of Leadership And Leadership - 1797 Words

2. Review of Personal Values (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Waves of Values) Different theories of leadership classify leadership in different ways. Based on the use of authority, leadership is classified into three types as autocratic, democratic and laissez faire leadership styles (Adeyemi, 2013). Having gone through my free flow journey has helped me explore my entire life as a process of learning and evolution of my own leadership. This mandatory part of my journal has given me the opportunity to reflect on my personal values as they are the primary influencer to my leadership development. Since our behaviours determines our values, this mandatory journaling is a powerful tool to identify which of the four waves of values (1st and 2nd Wave Values, 3rd and 4th Wave Values) influences my leadership practices. Being in a senior managerial position is a perfect platform for me to reflect on how I respond to different situations in my leadership role. My most prominent leadership strengths include self-awareness and self-acceptance, the ability to inspire others and be inspired, taking decisive actions to focus on finding solutions, and the capability to identify and develop opportunities including uplifting and creating conducive environment to empower others. I would like to believe that my leadership practices conform to the 3rd and 4th Wave Values of high performance leadership. However, for the purpose of this section of the journal, I will make reference to the 360-degree reviewShow MoreRelatedEssay on Different Leadership Theories1232 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Different Leadership Theories Essay Ebony Bittings Grand Canyon University: UDA-575 September 26, 2012 When you think of the terms: leader and leadership, you generally equate them with being only one person. However, my view of leadership, especially effective leadership, is a shared function between many individuals. There are numerous leadership theories. As a whole, leadership theories should be implemented to contribute to the improvementRead MoreTheories of Different Leadership Styles and Their Application997 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Styles and Theories Applied: A persons leadership style can be detected through a combination of his/her personality, knowledge and skills, and experience that is expressed in words and actions. Leadership is an obtained and growing process and people at all organizational levels need to continue developing and improving their knowledge and skills. There are various ways with which an individual can acquire knowledge about his/her personality and identify the existing and potentialRead MoreEssay on Different Types of Leadership Theories1334 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus on leadership within an organization and how it affects individual and organizational outcomes specifically using four theories including Fielder’s Contingency Model, Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership Model, Path Goal Theory by House and Dessler and finally the Participative Leadership Model by Vroom and Yetton. Leadership is said to be a dynamic interactive process, which involves the four other management functions, planning or ganizing, directing and controlling. Leadership is oneRead MoreDifferent Philosophies And Theories On Effective Leadership And Management1112 Words   |  5 Pagesthere have been many different philosophies and theories on effective leadership and management. Over time, these theories and ideas have been proven either successfully or unsuccessfully. The key component that stands out is the actual person who is in the leadership or management position. This individual needs to produce many characteristics to ensure smooth and effective management. The character of this one entity is what sets the tone for success or failure in the leadership/management positionRead MoreDifferent Theories Of Communication, Leadership, And Interpersonal Relations Within The Context Of A Toastmasters Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove their abilities to communicate by presenting various types of public speeches. It is useful for all type of professionals to gain self-confidence and personal growth . This paper discusses the three distinct but interrelated theories of communication, leadership, and interpersonal relations within the context of a Toastmasters meeting recently held at a Calabasas hospital. On the evening of this meeting as usual, the agenda was made available to all in attendance. The Toastmaster was introducedRead MoreLeadership Theory Analysis And Application862 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Theory Analysis and Application There are many different leadership theories that have been proposed, tested, and studied over the years. Many organizations utilize these theories and practices to collect and analyze data within their own organizations which may allow them to find ways of increasing the effectiveness of their company. Although there are not any theories deemed completely perfect in leadership, many have been given lots of validity based on the and studies done involvingRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?1338 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Leadership Theories The topic of leadership and what makes a good leader has been studied for many years and has resulted in various leadership theories. Early leadership theories focused on the qualities or characteristic that leaders possessed while subsequent theories considered other variables such as the leader’s behavior and situations. Each theory has its advantages and disadvantages. In this report, I will provide a detailed analysis of the Trait, Contingency, Behavioral andRead MoreLeadership theories: Autocratic Vs Transformational Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesNow the definition of leadership has been changed because now we believe that leaders can be made through education. Leadership plays important part in every field and organization to achieve higher goal. According to Kelly, â€Å"leadership is a process of influence in which the leader influences others toward goal achievement† (Kelly Crawford, 2013, p. 168). Nowadays there are many leadership theories and have differ ent perspective and suggestion. I have chosen two theories to discuss in this paperRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Theory868 Words   |  4 PagesChapter sixteen discusses various leadership theories which can implemented by leaders to achieve success. The choice of leadership theory differs from leader to leader as they possess different vision and way of managing. A theory isn t always perfect in itself, it is the endless effort of the leaders which makes the theory a perfect one. Two approaches of leadership that I prefer are Situational Leadership Theory and Servant Leadership Theory. Among many theories I prefer these two because I tendRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Theory940 Words   |  4 PagesChapter sixteen discusses various leadership theories which can implemented by leaders to achieve success. The choice of leadership theory differs from leader to leader as they possess different vision and way of managing. A theory isn t always perfect in itself, it is the end less effort of the leaders which makes the theory a perfect one. Two approaches of leadership that I prefer are Situational Leadership Theory and Servant Leadership Theory. Among many theories I prefer these two because I tend

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 12 Free Essays

string(81) " you look at this!† Michael exclaimed when they reached it and climbed up\." I’m the one all this is for,† Jenny said. â€Å"It’s me you want to despair. So talk to me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let’s get personal.† â€Å"No, let’s get general,† Julian said. â€Å"Want to talk about life?† There was a kind of soft triumph in his voice. A cat-pouncing-on-a-mouse tone. As if he knew he had her. â€Å"Did you know,† he went on, â€Å"that in the Congo there’s a kind of fly that lays its eggs in human flesh? They develop into little white worms that live inside you forever. Sometimes the worms surface and you can watch them crawling inside the skin of your arm. They say that when they crawl inside your eyeball it’s quite painful.† Jenny stood where she was, appalled. â€Å"That’s Nature for you,† Julian said and laughed. The laugh didn’t sound quite sane. Jennv got her voice back. â€Å"We’re not worms.† â€Å"No. Humans are a lot more inventive. Mustard gas, for instance. It touches you, your skin comes rolling off. Happened to thousands of soldiers in World War I. Some man invented that for the benefit of his brothers.† Jenny wanted to look away from Julian, but she couldn’t. The spotlights threw swaths of red and purple on his hair. His eyes were mirror-brilliant. â€Å"It’s the same all down through history. Two million years ago your hominid ancestors were eating each other. In thirteenth-century Peru they used to crack little boys’ ribs wide open so the priests could take their hearts out still beating. These days it’s drive-by shootings. People never change.† Jenny could feel her breath catch. â€Å"Okay †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The soft, insidious voice went on. â€Å"So Nature is cruel and ruthless.† â€Å"Okay †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And life is fragile and bewildering. And death-death is inevitable and worse than anything you can imagine.† From the boat Dee said defiantly, â€Å"Who cares?† Julian spoke without turning toward Dee. â€Å"She cares,† he said. â€Å"Don’t you, Jenny? You care if it’s a cruel and pointless universe. You care if you’re surrounded by evil.† There was something almost mesmeric about his gaze now. His voice was reasonable, flowing. â€Å"So why not despair? There’s nothing wrong with that. Things will be so much easier once you’ve given up. Why not just relax and give in†¦ .† He was coming toward her, and Jenny knew she couldn’t resist. He was coming to put a warm palm on the back of her neck, maybe, or press her hand. And whatever he did, she wouldn’t be able to resist, because at that moment his beauty was so unearthly it was frightening. â€Å"I believe you!† she said, speaking before he got to her. He stopped, head tilted slightly, quizzically. Then suddenly she was speaking in a rush. â€Å"You wanted to prove how much evil there is-well, fine; I believe you. And I don’t know all the answers. I don’t even know the stupid questions. But not everything is evil, like you say. There are good people. Like Aba. Like my grandfather. He died to save me, and he’s not the only person who’s died for somebody else. I can’t explain the evil that’s out there, but that doesn’t mean I ought to join it. It doesn’t mean I should give in.† The smiling victory had drained out of Julian’s face, and something cold and ugly was rising in his eyes instead. But Jenny went on before he could speak, her words tumbling over one another. â€Å"You said I cared about whether it was a cruel and pointless universe, and I do. But you want to know something else I care about? I care about you, Julian.† He was startled now. He looked as if he might almost take a step backward. Because Jenny was moving forward, deliberately, holding his eyes and speaking. â€Å"You wanted to show me how it’s all right to be evil, because everything else is that way. But I’m not having it. And you wanted to prove to me how bad you are, but I’m not buying that, either. I care about you, Julian. I-â€Å" He disappeared just as she reached him. The gold coin fell spinning to the ground. Jenny picked it up a moment or so later, after standing quite still and watching it spin on its side for a while and finally land flat. Looking toward the boat, she saw that they were all looking at her: Dee, and Audrey, and Michael-and Summer, who was just poking her head out. Nobody seemed to know what to say. It’s not what you think, Jenny thought, but she didn’t know how to explain it to them. She did care about Julian. She’d seen the moonbeam side of him, the vulnerable side that was so badly hurt it made him strike out. She even †¦ loved Julian †¦ in a way she was just discovering. But that didn’t mean she didn’t love Tom. Tom was a part of her life, a part of her. She could never betray him. But putting all that in words was beyond her. They’d just have to think whatever they wanted. â€Å"You know,† Michael said at last, running a hand through his rumpled dark hair, â€Å"I think we just won this Game.† He smiled, a weak and wry smile, but a real one nevertheless. â€Å"And I think we should get out of here on foot,† Dee said. â€Å"My guess is this boat isn’t moving.† Nobody talked much as they sloshed through the tunnel. Dee went first, one hand on the dank wall to guide her. Jenny followed with Summer, and Audrey and Michael brought up the rear, holding hands. Jenny had the feeling that they were all sore from Julian’s last and most terrible attack-but they were stronger for it, too. In the end it had pulled them together. Julian had revealed their secrets-and Jenny had never felt so close to her friends before. She was relieved to see Dee’s form silhouetted against lighter blackness and to feel fresh air on her face. They had found the end of the tunnel. Now she could see the loading dock. â€Å"Will you look at this!† Michael exclaimed when they reached it and climbed up. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 12" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Will you just look, please?† The park was awake. All the lights that had been off were on, and all the rides were going. Fairy lights twinkled and glimmered in the trees, white lights played on a fountain below them. To the left, the Turnpike was illuminated, with lines of sports cars standing ready to race. Straight ahead, the rocket ride was already in motion, red-lit rockets up and whizzing. The structure of the March Hare roller coaster was picked out in flashing neon, and Jenny could hear the clatter of a car on the wooden tracks. Everything was going, all at once. It looked exactly like a normal amusement park at night-except that it was still deserted. The rides were operating by themselves. Beautiful, Jenny thought, but scary. As if the whole park was inhabited by ghosts. The merry-go-round music was distant but eerily distinct, and she could hear the Noah’s Ark foghorn in the pauses. On the central island of the lake, the lighthouse rose white and slender and silent. â€Å"Now we find the bridge, I suppose,† Audrey said quietly from behind Jenny. Jenny unbuttoned her shirt pocket, reached in. She looked at the three doubloons on her palm, felt their satisfying weight. Then she closed her hand and heard them clink softly. â€Å"There’s something we have to do first,† she said. â€Å"Follow me.† The arcade was only a short distance away. Its sign was lighted, too, but the inside was dim and quiet. Jenny went straight to the cabinet with the mechanical wizard. She tried not to look at the black cabinet that stood opposite, but she got a glimpse of the heads anyway. They were as blue and ghastly as ever, their eyes still shut. Jenny turned her back on them firmly and faced the wizard. He was moving just the tiniest bit. As if some battery were running down. His hand lifted the wand and dropped it slightly, lifted and dropped, a sad repetitive motion. His head bobbed just as slightly, the dark marble eyes staring out into nothingness. Every so often his lower lip moved. â€Å"Grandfather,† Jenny said. It was a formal moment, and Grandpa didn’t seem quite right. He was Grandfather, like all the Grandfathers in fairy tales, a mystical, archetypical figure. Someone who belonged in a story. Dee had said there was nothing Jenny could do for him, and it was true. She’d accepted it before, really, and she was even more certain now. There was no wav to put his soul back into his body-if he even had a body anymore, which Jenny doubted. No way to fix him or undo what the Shadow Men had done. But there was one thing she might be able to do. It had come to her while she was talking to Julian, surging up in the back of her mind when she had said that her grandfather had died for her. He hadn’t-exactly-but he’d meant to. And she was sure he’d rather be dead than be like this. The only question was whether her idea would work. â€Å"Grandfather, I thought of something, something from your journal. A way to help you. But I need to know if it will work-and if it’s what you want.† The matted-paintbrush eyelashes seemed to droop, then lift. The glass eyes didn’t look at her, and the ruddy plastic face couldn’t change expression. But she had the feeling he was listening. â€Å"I saw the runes in your journal, and I know that runes can do things here, they can change reality. They can make things happen. And the rune I’m thinking of is Gebo, Grandfather, do you understand? Gebo.† â€Å"What’s she talking about?† Summer whispered, from several steps away, where the others waited. â€Å"I don’t know. Gebo-which was that?† Dee said, and Michael said, â€Å"Shush, okay?† Jenny stood watching the mechanical figure in the black velveteen robe, and waiting. Suddenly the glass eyes rolled. The whole figure moved jerkily, banging the wand up and down. The carmine lips opened and shut, and the head bobbed. It was a perfect frenzy of motion, like a mute person in a straitjacket trying desperately to convey agreement. At least, that was what Jenny hoped it was. If she was wrong, it was going to be a terrible mistake. â€Å"All right,† she whispered. â€Å"I love you, Grandpa.† She could feel tears starting in her eyes, but she wasn’t going to cry, she wasn’t. She wasn’t really sad. She was happy and a little scared. Beyond all hope, she’d gotten to see her grandfather again. It had helped her remember him, how kind he’d been to her, how much he’d loved her-whatever his other faults. She’d gotten the chance to say she was sorry, and now she had the chance to say goodbye. It was more than a lot of people got, more than Jenny could ever have expected. She reached into her back pocket for the Swiss Army knife. It had been there all along, almost forgotten since she’d tucked it away in the mine ride. It had survived the cave-in and the flood and everything else. She was glad, because it was Tom’s, and now because it was very useful. She held it in her hand a moment, then thumbed open the large blade. She set the blade against the old-fashioned wooden cabinet, just above the glass, and, bearing down hard, carved a diagonal stroke. Then she made another that crossed the first in the middle, forming an X. Making Gebo, the rune of sacrifice. It was funny, how she’d had a premonition about that when they were carving it on the door. She’d felt that it had been important somehow-but she’d never imagined this. She stepped back. Pinching her left index finger between middle finger and thumb, she watched the end go purple with blood. Then, without hesitation, she jabbed once with the knife. She didn’t really know whether she needed blood for this. Isa, the ice rune she’d used to stop the flooding waterfall, had worked without it. But she wanted to do this just right, and make absolutely sure. Squeezing the finger, she painted the X with blood. Then she stepped back again. The mechanical figure was perfectly still, as if waiting. Everything seemed to be waiting, the universe holding its breath around Jenny. For a moment she was afraid she couldn’t speak, but the dark eyes were at last looking straight at her. There was a silent encouragement in them, almost a plea. And a gentle trust. The third step is to say the name of the rune out loud. Jenny took a deep breath and clearly and quietly said, â€Å"Gebo.† Rune of sacrifice, of death. Of yielding up the spirit. It happened immediately, startling her. The figure in the cabinet, the mechanical thing dressed in black velveteen and gold sequins, spasmed as if a jolt of electricity had gone through it. Both arms jerked up, the head rolled wildly. Cracks ran along the caked paint on its face, flaking off in pieces. Every part of the figure that could move thrashed frantically. And then the clenched fist with the wand fell. The entire figure sagged, its head falling back. It was as if some mainspring had been sprung, or the wires to a marionette cut. The carmine lips were slightly open. Jenny, scarcely breathing, stared at the face. It-had changed. It was still plastic-cracked and peeling plastic. It was clearly a broken doll. But-the pain was gone. The look that had wrenched Jenny’s heart in the beginning, the look of ineffable sadness, wasn’t there anymore. The carmine lips seemed to be smiling slightly, and the glass eyes, though open, seemed at peace. There was an odd dignity that went with the peace. The face was patient and almost noble, for all that it was a doll’s face. Whatever her grandfather had done, whatever secrets he’d meddled in, he’d paid the price-and this doll seemed to know it. Its expression was that of somebody who’d waited a long time to get to the end of a journey, and was home at last. â€Å"You can rest now,† Jenny said, and then she had to wipe her eyes on her denim sleeve. A click made her look down. A fortune-telling card was in the slot. Jenny took it, turned it over. There were only two words in the middle. THANK YOU. Then she really did cry, looking around as if her grandfather’s soul might be floating somewhere in the room where she could see it. Wherever it had eone. it was free. â€Å"What about them?† Dee said. Jenny looked at the others and saw that they were sniffling, too-and Dee was looking at the black cabinet. Jenny wiped her eyes again, and her nose, and then she made herself look. Slug and P.C. were more hideous than ever because they were awake. Their eyes followed her with the desperate longing of dogs that wanted to go out on a walk. Neither of them had been particularly handsome when they were alive, and in death they were grotesque. Jenny swallowed. â€Å"Can you hear me?† The two grisly objects bobbed. â€Å"Did you see what I did?† Bob. Bob. â€Å"Do you-do you want me to do it for you?† Bob, bob, bob, bob, bob, bob, bob †¦ Jenny burst into tears and went on crying as she lifted the knife. She needed to cry. She had never liked either of these guys; they’d stalked her on an empty street, they’d meant to do her harm, they’d broken into her house and stolen from her. And now they looked like those little dogs with nodding heads that people put in the back of their cars, and Jenny was going to kill them. She went on sobbing as she carved the two Xs, one over each head, and stabbed her middle finger. She was still crying as she began to stain the first X red. So she didn’t notice the attack until Dee started shouting. Jenny looked up and froze. It was another body like the one that had grabbed Dee at the Fish Pond, and it had the same ghastly emptiness above its shoulders. The only difference was that it wasn’t white and bloated, and it was wearing a black T-shirt and leather vest. It was P.C. In the cabinet the head with the black bandanna was shaking violently-as if to disassociate itself with the lumbering body that Dee was fighting. Its eyes were terrified, straining sideways to try and watch. â€Å"I think the Shadow Men must control the bodies!† Michael shouted, pulling Summer out of the way. Audrey had stumbled back, too, and Dee was fighting the thing alone, swinging Audrey’s pick. Cabinets on both sides were smashing. Jenny, caught completely unprepared, was still frozen. â€Å"Come on, hurry!† Michael shouted. He grabbed the knife from her hand and stabbed his own finger. The next thing she knew he was staining the other rune, making sharp, slashing motions on the cabinet. â€Å"Come on, Jenny!† Trancelike, Jenny raised her finger, smearing pale red across the second stroke of the X. The headless body had gotten hold of Dee’s pick and was jerking it away from her, pulling her within range. Jenny whirled back to the cabinet, energized. The blue-lit heads gazed at her, looking imploring and stupid and more pathetic than anything she’d ever seen. â€Å"Gebo!† she shouted. Michael shouted it, too, maybe because his blood was in the runes. Then several things happened in quick succession. Both the heads in the box jerked. Their jaws fell open, impossibly far open, revealing blue-stained teeth. Their eyes rolled up. And there was a noise-an inhuman howling that seemed to come from all around Jenny rather than from the open jaws. Down the corridor there was a terrible crashing. P.C.’s body was flailing with the pick, breaking glass and splintering wood. As Jenny watched he flailed more and more jerkily, then stopped. His body flopped backward, collapsing like a pricked balloon. Meanwhile, from every side, there was clicking and whirring and plinking music. The entire arcade had come to life at once. The foot vitalizer was vibrating. In a shattered cabinet a mechanical ballerina was twirling. The figures in the Ole Barn Dance were clacking their wooden jaws. â€Å"Let’s get the hell out of here!† Dee shouted over the music of a nickelodeon. Jenny cast one last glance at the black cabinet. The heads were still now, and she supposed their blank and empty expressions were peaceful. Certainly nobody was in there anymore. Then she was moving, stepping over glass shards and P.C.’s motionless body, while the arcade gibbered and screeched around her. A minute later she was in the open air. It was an unspeakable relief to get away from the noise. The outside seemed clean somehow, even if it was in the Shadow World. She looked at Dee. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Yeah.† Dee was gripping her thigh with both hands, pulling bits of glass out of her jeans. â€Å"I got some shrapnel here, but I’m all right.† Jenny looked at Summer, who was huddling and hugging her own elbows. â€Å"Are you all right?† Summer managed an extremely watery smile. â€Å"I got splinters,† Michael offered, holding up his finger. â€Å"That was brave of you,† Jenny said. She was remembering the way he’d looked in her grandfather’s house when she had first explained that they needed to stain the runes with blood. Michael just looked at her. â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"Never mind. Summer, give Dee back her jacket. Audrey, are you okay to walk? Because I have the feeling we’d better keep moving. I think they’re mad.† She squeezed her shirt pocket and felt the reassuring heaviness there. She felt the need to hurry, as if a storm were gathering behind her. The Shadow Men weren’t happy with what she’d done to their prisoners. â€Å"Wait, but how do we find the bridge?† Michael said. â€Å"We’ll just walk around the lake until we see it.† They saw it as soon as they cleared the trees by the Penny Arcade. It started somewhere in between the March Hare roller coaster and the Log Ride, rising in a beautiful arch like a rainbow that ended on the island. â€Å"I don’t think that was there before,† Audrey said. â€Å"Maybe it just wasn’t lit,† Dee said. Michael said, â€Å"It’s going to be like climbing the St. Louis Arch.† Everybody looked at Jenny. â€Å"We’ll do it,† she said stoutly. â€Å"We have to. We have to get to Tom and Zach-and quick, because they may try to stop us or something. We’ve got to actually get to them to win the Game.† â€Å"I don’t see how the coins fit in,† Dee muttered. But when they reached the nearer base of the arch, Jenny saw. There was a neat little tollbooth in front of it, and a fence with barbed wire that kept you from climbing up the sides. After the first ten feet it was so high in the air that you couldn’t have reached the side if you had wanted to. â€Å"What holds it up?† Summer whispered, and Jenny said, â€Å"Don’t ask.† Attached to the white tollbooth was a coin receiver with a flat tray-like the kind you see in airports for getting luggage carts. Instead of four spaces for quarters there were three spaces for irregularly shaped coins in the tray. With a little twisting and exchanging, Jenny got all three gold pieces to fit neatly. They lay there and gleamed at her. She looked at the others. It was a momentous moment, a serious, profound moment. They’d finished the treasure hunt and they were about to go collect the prize. She felt as if somebody ought to make a significant gesture. â€Å"Dee? You want to push it? Or Audrey?† â€Å"You earned it, Sunshine. Go on and make it happen,† Dee said. Jenny was happy. She pushed the tray in and felt it lock in place. The white-and-yellow striped turnstile lifted. â€Å"After you,† she said and gestured the others through. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 12, Essay examples

The Failure Of Structural Adjustment Programmes Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The failure of structural accommodation plans Many bankers and economic experts view the Third World as topographic points where the economic systems have yet to take off. All they need are resources to excite the at hand prosperity. To relieve the huge poorness, unemployment and destitution that afflicts the huge bulk of people, the hapless and the on the job category, in these states, economic experts and bankers look toward the free market as the solution. As developing states debts accumulate to indicate where some must declare bankruptcy, the international Bankss, the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World Bank, began giving loans to these with the purpose of exciting the economic system. Attached to these loans are conditions, intending the debitor state must adhere to stringent domestic societal and economic policies if they were to go on to measure up for future loans and nutrient assistance. These fiscal assistance plans are dubbed structural accommodation programmes ( SAPs ) , and are designed to set develop ing states on solid terms within the planetary economic system so they could refund their loans. The economic policies that the IMF and the World Bank favor are those which aims bring forthing merchandises as cheaply and copiously as possible for export. And in bend, occupations would be created and a considerable gross would be generated. Harmonizing to their theory, this is supposed to raise the overall criterion of life of the people in these states and assist the local economic system expand. Since the execution of them in the 70s though, SAPs have non remedied the predicament of the hapless and the on the job category nor caused the economic growing the IMF and World Bank economic experts have predicted. In fact, grounds shows that SAPs have exacerbated the really jobs they were designed to work out: poorness, dependance, and debt. Using Jamaica as a peculiar illustration, the followers will sketch the beginnings of SAPs and the general effects they have had on states where they have been implemented. First, it would be appropriate to briefly explicate the general history and context of the planetary economic system that led to the execution of SAPs. Third World states were decolonised as their importance to advanced capitalist states declined. After the 2nd World War, the Western industrial states became more self-sufficing: dependance on natural stuffs declined because they were used more expeditiously and man-made replacements for them were being developed. The agricultural end product of these states were besides on addition. Developing states chiefly played the function of supplying industrially advanced states with natural stuffs, every bit long as there was a demand for it amongst industrial states, domestic wealth was generated. The markets for high priced and sophisticated trade goods amongst the Western states kept spread outing during this period so much wealth was created as the universe economic system grew and grew. The new pool of planetary nest eggs ensured net incomes for the uninterrupted watercourse of new investings. This post-war period is known as the long roar. With the exclusion of the freshly industrialising states ( NICs ) in East Asia and Latin America, most developing states failed to derive much autonomy because of their subservient function in the planetary market economic system as solely natural stuff exporters. The ground why they did non accomplish economic independency is due to the fact that the Third World has been ( and are being ) excluded from universe trade and investing. Most planetary trade is done between the industrially advanced states because they chiefly produce manufactured goods. The ground why the NICs were comfortable is because they were able to interrupt into universe trade by bring forthing such goods. But the chances of the remainder of the Third World transforming into even partly industrialized states are rather hopeless if they continue to be excluded from universe trade. The 1970s marked the diminution of the long roar, the 1979-82 recession being the concluding nail in the casket. With scarce investing chances and an flood of capital, Bankss began to their addition loans to the Third World. But with the recession of 1979, the debitor states found it impossible to pay off their loans. Thus a debt crisis ensued. The crisis peaked when Mexico defaulted on its loans in August 1982. So most Third World states remained in a province of societal and economic crisis. Economic growing stagnated. Construction undertakings sat unfinished and finished 1s were unpaid for. Real involvement rates rose dramatically in 1980-82 ( about 30 % ) thereby increasing the involvement on the bing debts, so loans were needed merely to cover the involvement payments. Industrial states and international Bankss recognised the demand for a manner to excite the faltering economic systems of the underdeveloped states so loans and debts can be paid back. So SAPs were devised to better authorities fiscal balance sheets and to excite economic growing and prosperity. Structural accommodation loans are geared towards building undertakings and the spread outing authorities services ( for concern ) , paving the route toward economic prosperity. The IMF and the World Bank was certain that the spread between export income earning and the cost of imports would shut. If the authoritiess of the debitor states agreed to implement the societal and economic policies, so the debt aggregation day of the month would be postponed by the large Bankss thereby keeping a certain grade of fiscal stableness for the state in the average clip. When in topographic point, the policies under SAPs that authoritiess are forced to follow hold damaging effects for the hapless and working category of those Third World states. Rather than relieving the economic jobs, the policies really make them worse. And as the economic jobs worsen, so make the societal jobs since they are inextricably connected. At the same clip, the affluent concern proprietors net incomes keep increasing yet none of it is # 8220 ; dribbling down # 8221 ; to the remainder of population as economic experts thought would. They do non see a penny. Advocates of the SAPs believe that receiver states have been # 8220 ; populating beyond their agencies # 8221 ; which is perceived to be one obstruction to economic growing. The undermentioned outlines the chief constituents of SAPs and how they drive down the life criterions of the hapless and the on the job category. Economists believe that local demand for goods must be suppressed, in economic footings it is called, # 8220 ; fastening of domestic demand # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; reduced local soaking up # 8221 ; . The two chief ways to accomplish this through SAPs is currency devaluation and the remotion of any monetary value ceilings and subsidies. When the dollar is devalued, it raises the cost of imports. And monetary value ceilings hinders the natural class the free market will take. Both methods allows rising prices to travel unbridled thereby raising the cost of life hit the really hapless the hardest. Taxs are raised and are chiefly paid by hapless and on the job category people. SAPs discourages taxing concerns and affluent persons since the economic political orientation believes that they ( the wealthy ) will put their nest eggs into domestic economic activities. The truth is, the affluent normally invests their money abroad or it is spent on luxuries. Many authoritiess give concern a period of clip where they pay perfectly no revenue enhancements when they invest in their state. This ranges from 5 to 20 old ages. This is thought to be one manner to lure new foreign investing. But revenue enhancement gross losingss are non made up with the new investing because net incomes are non re-invested back into the local economic system. When the revenue enhancement vacation is up, investors merely pack up and go forth, with their net incomes. Another making for SAPs is a part of authorities gross must be spent on helping the private sector. The SAPs typically contract constructing undertakings to private concerns to construct roads, seaports, etc. These undertakings are meant to heighten export production, the edifice of substructure makes goods easier to transport. The authorities is expected to help these concerns which, in bend, is geared towards pulling more private investing, particularly for export production. And as investing comes, it means net incomes that will assist the local economic system. But the net incomes that investors make are non re-invested locally, their nest eggs are transferred to transnational Bankss ; the same Bankss who loan capital to the authoritiess of developing states. And in bend, the se authoritiess subsidise the private investors thereby protecting their nest eggs while authoritiess build up external debt. And when local conditions are unfavorable for investing, the private investors merely reassign their nest eggs into international markets where additions can maximised. SAPs scorn duties and levies that may be placed on exports. Some authoritiess enforce them to derive some gross from the wealth of investors, but it contradicts export merchandise maximising. These protectionist barriers are designed to protect local concern from foreign competition. SAPs want domestic markets to be every bit unfastened as possible for foreign investing. By taking them those barriers, local concerns go belly up merely because they can non vie with the foreign companies. Much unemployment is created this manner, and besides local demands are even harder to run into. The SAPs for most recipient states usually require reduced public disbursement. The countries of instruction and wellness are hardest hit in most instances. There are more school fees, learning occupations are cut, in the wellness sector, services like inoculations that were antecedently free have a monetary value ticket. Again, the bulk of the population bears the load. Public utilities, land and industries are usually downsized or put on the auction block under SAPs. Economists label these authorities resources as # 8220 ; inefficient # 8221 ; but there is no grounds private companies are that much better. As services are slashed and the cost of utilizing them rises, it is the bulk of people who lose out. Attacks on workers are intrinsic to the SAP s docket. As the populace services are slashed, so are the figure of public sector workers. In the private sector, pay ceilings and freezings are imposed and the minimal pay is non enforced, therefore driving down the overall life pay. SAP proponents warrant this by faulting high production costs for the deficiency of private investing and the stagnate economic systems. These onslaughts on the working category has been met with fierce opposition throughout the 1980s which resulted in the toppling of authoritiess but really small additions for the workers themselves. It merely goes to demo that any averment of authorities control of the local economic kineticss is but an semblance. No affair how left flying a authorities may look, the bottom line is, they will ever be forced to do grants with the international Bankss. Oscar Allen, leader of the Rural Transformation Collective, observed: The chokehold on us by foreign establishments today is more entire than under the colonial state of affairs, because it is cultural and societal every bit good as economic, and because it includes co-operation and co-ordination among Caribbean authoritiess under footings dictated by the IMF and the World Bank. Jamaica is a authoritative illustration of a state where the IMF and World Bank SAPs have failed to present at a immense cost to the society. Jamaica s Labor Party, led by Harvard-graduate Edward Seaga, came to power in 1980 on the promise of new loans from the North. Ronald Reagan, the president of the United States at the clip, was confident that free endeavor would convey Jamaica prosperity. The US s Agency for International Development ( AID ) , who are creditors to the Third World and who work really closely with the IMF and World Bank, well boosted their loans to Jamaica from $ 38 to $ 208 million. From 1981 to 1989, USAID spent an norm of about $ 120 million per twelvemonth ; the most of all the Caribbean states. To pull private investors, Seaga used a typical economic scheme that was bound to neglect from the really beginning: he pulled out all the Michigans to open domestic markets for foreign competition. He reduced authorities protection of Jamaican manufacturers and opened the state to more imports from abroad. Garment piecing sweatshops, where non-unionised adult females worked for less than 50 cents an hr, we re widely promoted. In bend, local concern shuttings resulted in monolithic occupation losingss ; the concerns could no maintain up with foreign makers. By 1982, Jamaica s trade shortage tripled and wealth could non be contained within the state. New IMF loans were given to the Seaga authorities but that besides intend a thin economic policy: the Jamaican dollar was devalued by 43 % ( cut downing the purchasing power of Jamaicans ) . This resulted in a renewed agony by the Jamaican working category and hapless. Inflation accelerated to 30 % in 1984/85 and unemployment climbed to 30 % . The universe market monetary values of minerals ( Jamaica s main export ) , peculiarly bauxite and alumina, were highly low which translated into the shutting of big mines operations. By 1988, the state s external debt reached $ 4.4 billion which was one of the highest per capita in the universe. And gaining from exports fell by 2.6 % , instead than increasing. The cost to the Jamaican people because of the SAPs imposed on the state is reeling. Funding to wellness attention fell by 33 % from 1981 to 1985 which resulted in fallen existent incomes of physicians, nurses and wellness workers, shutting of infirmary services and new charges to bing services. Housing monetary values have efficaciously doubled in both urban and rural countries. A fifth of the public work force was slashed in one twelvemonth, October 1984 # 8211 ; 85. The concentration of wealth continues thereby increasing the spread between the richest and the poorest Jamaicans. The usage of difficult drugs and offense rose, and is still on the rise. And poorness is rampant, even the in-between category lives in fright. In response to declining conditions, people took to the streets in mass presentations and general work stoppages. Many triumphs have been won from the grassroots degree but cardinal alteration has yet to be seen. By the terminal of Seaga s term, Jamaica s gross national merchandise was no larger than it had been at the beginning of his term. But the external debt of Jamaica doubled. The World Bank s senior economic expert for Jamaica, Roger Robinson, acknowledged in 1988 that Jamaica s societal and economic substructure is worse than it was in the seventiess. None the less, he still recommended retrieving more of the costs from the users of infirmaries, schools and other services, despite the fact that Jamaica has been fighting to pay the care of all its public establishments. By the clip Edward Seaga left office as a defeated politician, he was highly hated. At the same clip, economic assistance from the US had declined because of their deficiency of concern with the Caribbean as a national security issue ( i.e. the Cold War was coming to an terminal ) . So in his topographic point comes Michael Manley who was really the anterior president to Seaga. New dialogues provided new loans for the deteriorating state but new asceticism steps were besides dictated that would turn out far worse for the people of Jamaica. The Jamaican dollar was devalued even further and it reached a record depression of J $ 10 to US $ 1. Food monetary value subsidies were lowered and monetary value caps on nutrient were raised. To grok the farther impairment of life conditions, one may visualize it this manner: monetary values in Jamaica are merely somewhat lower than that of the US but the Jamaican lower limit pay is eleven times lower its US opposite number. As the barbarous economic rhythm spins, Jamaica s societal cloth cryings even more. To this twenty-four hours, it is the same old vocal and dance for the state. Equally long as the same neo-liberal free market schemes are utilised in trying to kickstart the Jamaican economic system, the same dead Equus caballus will go on to be flogged over and over. In decision, structural accommodation programmes that have been implemented by international Bankss such as the IMF and the World Bank have failed in run intoing their aims of conveying economic growing to the Third World. Alternatively of work outing the economic and societal jobs they promised they would make, the SAPs create and perpetuate them. SAPs proved to be complete dead terminals. They merely augment the demand for Third World states to maintain borrowing capital from creditors, droping themselves into greater and dejecting the life criterions of their several citizens. The incrimination of stagnate economic systems should be placed on the Third World exclusion from universe trade. Advanced industrial states trade chiefly between themselves short-circuiting the Third World. And worse still, the demand for Third World raw material exports are on the diminution so their chief beginning of income, export net incomes, are falling. Therefore doing the likely-hood of holding debt s and loans repaid even slimmer.

Western colonialism Essay Example

Western colonialism Essay A lot of negative effects caused by Western colonialism and capitalism in the third world countries that have contributed to their current political and economic crises have been discussed; however, the main objective of this presentation is to discuss the progressive role played by Western colonialism and capitalism in the third world countries when contrasted with pre-colonial period and where they were left by their colonial masters to present date. Colonialism Colonialism refers to as a system whereby a state holds sovereignty over territory and people who are outside its own boundaries. It assumes the right of one people to impose their will to others. Between nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most rich and powerful states in the European countries such as Britain did own third world colonies. Up-to-date, the legitimacy of colonialism by European countries to these third world countries has elicited a heated debate in political arena and among the moral philosophers all over the world. Colonialism is not a new phenomenon. In the past society used to expand to immediate territories and settling it own natives on the newly conquered land. Such example includes the ancient Greeks, Romans and Ottomans to mention but a few. We will write a custom essay sample on Western colonialism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Western colonialism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Western colonialism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But it is evident that colonialism was not static but evolving due to technological advancements particularly in navigation that enabled connecting to the remotest parts of the world. Invention of the fast sailing ships facilitated reaching the distant ports in other side of the world while managing to maintain closer ties between the mother land of the master colonialism and their colonial territories. Therefore, the modern European colonialism materialized when it was possible to move large number of people across the ocean and maintain political sovereignty regardless of geographical scatteredness. Many political theorists have troubled themselves in attempt to reconcile ideas about the justice and law with the practice with which European ruled over the third world countries. In nineteenth century, conflict emerged that made tension to build up between the proponents of liberal thought and colonial practice. Many of political philosophers stood to defend the principles of attainments of universalism and equity while on the other hand they were antagonistic in bid to legitimize colonialism and imperialism. They reconciled this controversy with idea that, there was a need for ‘civilization mission’ which was to be for temporal period of what they called political dependence that was vital so that to make ‘uncivilized’ societies to advance in a state of achieving sustainable liberal institutions and self government. Capitalism Capitalism refers to European practices that not only include social practices that are easily practiced over geographical and historical distances but also encompass the ‘way of thinking’. The term capitalist has been widely used in the Marxist theory which refers to means of production that are on the hands of a few and operated for   making   profit and that the benefits realized from the production belong to the owners of the means of production. Mercantilism was the earliest form of capitalist in the olden days that originated in the Middle East, Rome and also existed during early Middle Age. It involved distribution of goods in the transactions in such way that there is profit making. In this situation, goods were bought from one place and move to another site to be sold at relatively higher prices. Beside Romans, Arabic cultures were also known of mercantilism. They had a long history on their trade routes in their major empires. Medieval Europeans learnt learned about this type of economy from their Islamic neighbors as it has been noticed in large number of economic terms found in European languages some which are derivatives from Arabic. Gradually, mercantilism in Europe evolved into economic practices that were eventually referred to as capitalism. Capitalism employs the same principle as mercantilism that involves large scale profit realization by acquisition of goods at lower price than selling them at a profit.   Capitalism is characterized by several features. First, there is accumulation of means of the production such as materials, land and tools by minority of people. This property accumulation is referred to as capital and the owners of these means of production are known as capitalists. The second characteristic of capitalism is productive labor. Human work is of great importance because it facilitates the production of goods and their distribution. This happens in form of the wage labor. The striking aspects of wage labor here is that it is not invested in the product and it is considered to be efficient in terms of productivity. Capitalism boosts individual productivity by means of division of labor whereby productive labor is divided into smallest components possible. In capitalism, the means of production and labor is manipulated by the capitalist by use of rational circulation to gain profit. On the other hand, capitalism as a way of thinking is basically individualistic. This is true because it focuses on capitalist endeavor. This bring out the Enlightenment concepts of individuality in that all the individuals are not the same; the society is composed of individual in pursuit of their own interest and that they should be free to peruse their own interests, that is ,economic freedom. Also, this concept advocates for democratic sense in that individuals perusing their own interests can guarantee the interests of the whole society. Therefore, Enlightenment idea of progress is grounded on the fact that the large-scale social goal of unregulated capitalism can produce wealth and make the national economy wealthier and more affluent than it would otherwise have not been. So, essentially, capitalism as a way of thinking is built on the concept of economic growth (Friedman Friedman, pp5). While this may be true, capitalism has been having a close link with adverse effects of human inequality and valorization that has characterized exploitation of one or more groups by others. It has been argued that capitalist relations evoke alienation of workers from the products they make. This makes both commodities and the workers circulating commodities that circulate in the expanding market. When the laborers are considered to be interchangeable, it becomes the interest of the capitalist to give workers low wage or no wage at all. By doing this, capitalists are able to create surplus of money from their capital invested meanwhile their commodities circulate in the market. Because human beings were one of the vital commodities for success in early capitalism, enslaved workers could be shipped between the colonial territories to the help in monocropping on the large plantations. Presently, capitalist is usually understood to be a mean of system whereby the allocation of resources is by dictates of mechanism of the markets that are driven by profit motive. The advantages of the capitalism are that the government does not interfere   with the business because there is limited control over it   and that people have choice on what they want to do and where. Also, people are at liberty to do what they want with their money. However, this mode of economy has negative outcomes. Because the government is required to liberalize the market it has limited control over it and this can make few businesses to take monopoly which may lead to inefficiencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to this, capitalism only reward those who are fortunate to have natural scare abilities and not necessarily as result of hard work and this lead to huge inequities in income and wealth. The Progressive role of Western colonialism and capitalism in Third world Even though colonialism and capitalism had its own shortcomings, nevertheless, there is also a positive effect on balance we can talk about. Before colonialism, Africa only knew of socialism which was widely practiced among different communities.   Socialism is a system that advocates for collective ownership and management of the means of production and distribution of goods. It is the opposite of capitalism which is a system hereby economy is based on private ownership of the means of production and personal profit can be realized through capital investment and employment of labor. Colonialism brought a new idea to Africa that the material progress and prosperity were possible for the masses of people. Africans in pre-colonial period did not imagine that could ever happen. They assumed that the material possessions they had were fixed. They believed in such things like plenty of the harvest could result to increase of food in the basket but the idea that living conditions could be changed was strange to them. They did not have a clue of the prospect that instead of trekking for miles in search of water it was possible to have piped water homes. Colonialism brought idea of progress in humanity. They enabled them to realize that people have capability to improve their condition of existence and that tomorrow could be much better that today (Ondeng, pp 26). Development of Infrastructure When colonialism stepped into sub-Saharan Africa three main objectives were the driving force. First objective was to meet the increasing demand of the raw materials for their industries. Second objective was to be able to secure areas and their territories that could form the market for their industrial goods produced by the capitalisms as it was are of industrial evolution. The last objective was that, they wanted to identify and dominate certain strategic areas that would be their future potential region for their investments. Therefore, as it can be seen, the main aim of capitalism expansion through colonialism was purely economic. But it was first necessary through political process of colonialism to create colonial territories to be able to achieve economic goals. Establishment of colonial territories was immediately followed by setting out diversified changes that included both social and economic among subdued societies in order to fulfill economic targets. This called for breaking down the already existed social and political system which resulted in replacement of traditional chiefdoms and kingdoms by Western European political system and consolidation of colonial state. Greater portions of fertile lands were given to settler farmers who produced non-agricultural raw materials for western industries. In order to make this kind of economy efficient, there was a dire need to establish   communication infrastructure such roads, railway lines and ports so that there can be a linkage between hinterland and coastal to facilitate securing resources and human labor. In such regions only footpaths did exist that were used by human porters and animal. Most of the roads and railway network seen today in many parts of African countries speaks of a positive legacy from Western colonialism and capitalist in Africa and other third world countries. A good example of such country is Nigeria. In pre-colonial period, transport systems were limited to porterage over the land that was only utilized by animal and humans and small boats in waterways that are in southern and central Nigeria. In states of Nigeria, there were extensive trade routes in its territories which also facilitated movement of goods across the deserts to trade with North Africa and extended to the coast that involved trade with European. The roads were maintained by local leaders using hired labor or conscripted locals on the basis of the age. During this period the basic means of transport were pack animals and human porters. When British claimed Nigeria to be its colony, is started building transport network that would make efficient its ruling over this territory and make easier utilization of the resources in the region. It started with construction of the roads which was later followed by railway lines construction. This facilitated movement of good and people from one place to another as the need demanded which was critical as it helped to maintain strong economic and political ties within its territory. Since Nigeria gained independence there has been little in building new infrastructure network apart from what was established by their colonial master. This has   been so because the Civilian governments had experiencing budgetary deficit and their priorities were to maintain regional   divisions rather than improving transportation network and building better one in accordance modern world technology. However, while some few military governments were interested in development of better transport system, this turned to be a day dream. Therefore, post-colonial transport systems currently existing are just minimal maintenance of the infrastructure which their colonial master had set. This is a clear indication of the progressive role the Western colonialism and capitalism did play in Nigeria before they had left (Husher, para. 4-9). Suppression of barbaric practices Colonialism brought enlightenment in Africa.   During pre-colonial period some African countries cannibalism and pagan worship was common practices. Practices such as cannibalism were usually restricted to specific regions particularly in West Africa. Such practices were not necessarily driven by craves for human flesh but were basically for rituals and sacrifices.   The belief behind these practices of man eating were to receive imbibe magic strength that was considered to be transferred by through soul material. This soul material was particularly identified by certain body part of the victim particularly the head. In the community that practiced such behavior they had a belief that if a young man ate the elder, such individual could get wisdom or if it was an elder who ate a young victim this could have added vigor. African had a strong attachment with the dead. In fact, cannibalism in Africa was part of religious act that consisted of complex rules that actually prescribed who should partake of the human flesh and who is supposed to be eaten and also clearly spelt out which part were to be eaten. It also described what parts of the victim’s body were to be kept as part of relics. There were other instances where medicines were made out of the human flesh. For instance, in Leopard societies in Sierra Leone, they used human entails to make certain kind of medicines. When the Sierra Leone became a British colony, the first thing they did was to bring to an end this practice. First, the British investigated what was happening in the jungle. When it had a breakthrough in its investigations to address this extraordinary killing of human beings, it passed a bill which was called ‘The Leopard Ordonance’. This outlawed any possession of a leopard skin that were usually worn by these people who practiced these rituals, a three- pronged knife and a special native medicine called Borfina that constituted a concoction of human flesh such as fat and blood. It was potent in the hand of its owner as it was believed to help one to be powerful and rich .Through use of law and assimilation of European culture Africans experienced a transformation that played a great role in liberating them from such practices. This helped to uphold human dignity and universal human rights particularly right to life (Karoline, para. 7-14). Modern medicine As many of colonial powers embarked on a political project to control much of the world, diseases were the major obstacles for their expansion particularly in African continent. Tropical diseases such as malaria among others posed great challenge because there was no efficient form of medical treatment that existed in African land before except traditional medicine.   Many African had a belief that disease was as result of witchcraft or evil spirits as opposed to empirical approach in treatment and management of the disease by European countries .This necessitated them to have attachment of medical personnel to commercial marines and putting up of rudimentary hospital facilities at their colonial territories. A good example is development of medical care in Tanzania. Christian missionaries were the first to introduce allopathic medicine in the territory. Eventually the colonial master in Tanzania assumed the responsibility of providing the health care to serve the army garrison that was stationed in the region partly to counter indigenous resistance and also to provide health care to European settlers. In British colonies they promoted establishment of the London and Liverpool schools of medicine where the study of tropical disease such as those found in the region was given the first priority. After World War 1, Tanzania became a British colony and it assumed the control of colonial medical care where it provided medical care at provincial and district administration levels, voluntary services that involved missions and employer-based that catered for the medical needs at plantations, mines and factories. They also implemented preventative measures that were in form of public health programs. This greatly helped to address the health needs of African that never existed before. It is on the basis of these colonial efforts to address tropical diseases which were a threat to their lives helped to see African countries with improved health care and reduced mortality rate from fatal tropical diseases (Baer, Singer and Susser, pp 18-22). Conclusion Colonialism by the Europe countries was considered to be a mission of civilization to the ‘uncivilized societies’ to be able to advance in state of achieving sustainable liberalized institutions and self government. However the legitimacy of colonialism by these European nations has always staged unsettled debate both in political sphere and with moral philosophers all over the world. Colonialism proved to be the only way through which West Europe could peruse their capitalism motives in the third world countries. Even though there have been shortcomings associated with colonial rule there has been an overall positive effect for Africa. Colonial rule brought enlightenment where ignorance did thrive. It helped to suppress barbaric practices such as pagan worship and cannibalism among others. It laid the seeds of the intellectual and material development as seen through infrastructure development, formal education and modern medicine that saved many Africans lives from deadly tropical diseases that were considered to be caused by witchcraft. Also it helped to reduce the economic gap whereby integration of colonies into international capitalist economy ushered in initial stages of globalization.

Core Competencies Essays

Core Competencies Essays Core Competencies Paper Core Competencies Paper Figure 1 shows the processes of product development, order fulfillment, apply chain management, and customer service in contrast to typical business functions such as sales, manufacturing, purchasing, and accounting. As companies become skilled at thinking processes, instead functional departments or products or markets, a new dimension Of strategy opens up. Consider Chaparral Steel, the tenth largest steel producer in the United States, a minimal of less than 1 ,OHO workers that nevertheless has set world productivity records several times and was the first American steel company to receive a Japanese Industrial Quality Certification. Chaparral management lows its competitors to tour its plants at will because they cant take (what we do best) home with them. Although Chaparral is known for its low cost and high technology, its core competency is not technology, but the ability to transform technology rapidly into new products and processes. By the time a competitor copies its current technology, Chaparral is confident they will have moved on to something else. Similarly, the Gap cant predict what young consumers will wear any better than other retailers, but it can offer them more choices and react quickly when styles or colors hit. The Gaps core competency in sourcing, logistics, and supply chains allows the company to introduce more than twenty new fashion lines into its stores each year. Centering strategy around processes makes it easier to identify core competencies. Do you remember the classic strategy tale of the buggy-whip manufacturer whose primary task of making buggy whips drove him out of business when other modes of transportation came on the scene? Would the buggy-whip manufacturer have succeeded if it had defined itself in terms of the transportation industry and converted to making cars? Probably not. The company had no expertise in internal combustion engines or metal chassis. But its competence in leather fabrication might have positioned it to manufacture leather gloves or handbags. Strategy is led by competencies. As a firm learns more about it competencies, a process orientation allows several interesting options for capitalizing on what a firm does best. Companies can further develop and exploit their competencies by: Enhancing the value a competency provides to customers. As a starting point companies should determine which processes matter most to their customers and work to improve the competencies related to them. This may lead to new opportunities. For example, Goodyear no longer just delivers tires to Invariants warehouse. It operates the tire warehouse for Invariants mounts and balances the tires on Invariants trucks. Federal Express not only delivers small parts and critical supplies for computer manufacturers and medical services, it maintains their inventory levels as well. Transforming an internal competence into a salable item. American Airlines markets its SABER reservation system to airlines and travel agents, and its maintenance system o other airlines. Triton of Massachusetts sells its telemarketing services: L. L Bean markets its customer service process; and Xerox, Westinghouse, AT T, and others have spun off firms to market their quality-improvement processes. Applying competencies in a creative way to new products and services. HR Block used its expertise in recruiting and managing short term employees during tax season to create a competitive advantage in the field of temporary services. Creating new competencies and finding new markets. John Deere, a farm equipment manufacturer, developed impenitence in financial services so that it could provide its retail dealer network with insurance. The company later sold these processes to automobile dealers, boat dealers, and recreational dealers. Rare and valuable resources and capabilities are the fundamental source of competitive advantage. Resources are tangible (e. G. , equipment, machinery, mail list), intangible (e. G. , brand name, customer knowledge, money), or human assets that the firm currently possesses. Resources likely emerge as the result of prior investments, actions or ongoing capabilities. Ive provided you with examples of John (Deers Company) marketing resources below. Knowledge and Informational Resources Customer information system (i. . , a CRM database) Customer knowledge or understanding Reseller (e. G. , retailer) knowledge or understanding Relational Resources Customer loyalty Customer relationships Reseller (e. G. , brokers, retailer) relationships Legal Resources Brand Trademarks Reputation Resources Brand equity Brand awareness Physical Resources Distribution network Retail locations Human Resourc es Company-owned sales force Organizational F-uncial Resources All forms of capital (money, plant, equipment) might be relevant, especially if the lack of these resources creates a constraint. And capabilities are compel patterns of skills in deploying resources (e. G. , patents, know-how, brand names, equipment) to perform a task or activity to produce a desired end result. Deere is particularly interested in dynamic capabilities that the company can apply to create, extend, or modify its resource base. Ive provided you with examples of John (Deers Company) marketing capabilities below. Product Management Ability to develop and deliver superior-q laity and/or customized goods and revise. Communications Management and Brand-building capability Ability to create and manage customer value perceptions leading to high levels of brand equity, using effective: positioning, advertising message delivery, personalized communications, and integrated marketing communications. Pricing Management Ability to extract the optimal revenue and profit from customers through price discrimination tactics, for example, using a sophisticated yield management system capability. This is unrelated to the ability to charge a high price (which is a function of product or marketing differentiation) or a owe price (which is a function of cost leadership). Channel Management Ability to establish and manage channels of distribution that effectively and efficiently deliver value to end-user customers. Customer Relationship Management Ability to identify profitable customers and prospects and initiate, maintain, and leverage relationships with these customers to create superior customs level profits. Requires data collection interpretation capability for individual customers, individual customer targeting capability, and personalized communications capability.

Ethics and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and society - Essay Example In order for one to determine the true nature of human happiness, it is essential to take note of the function of human beings. This is so because an individual’s happiness consists of the fulfillment of the natural function, in the direction towards which his being is focused. The natural function in question should be something that is essential and unique to human beings. The rational part of the soul is as important as the spirited parts. The rational part is what is used to determine an individual’s identity. This translates to mean that the happiness of human beings is depicted in the activity of the soul, whether the spirited part or the rational part. This kind of activity is normally expressed through ethical virtues or rather, it is expressed when one focuses his actions according to reason. Aristotle, in his book says that friendship is defined by the principles of virtue and goodness. When people recognize the virtues in each other, they may become true frie nds. The nature of friendship is determined by the motive of individuals to become friends in the first place. Real friendship is accompanied by great understanding of each other, and this in turn is a great source of happiness. Every human being loves to feel cared for by another person. Another reason to believe that friendship based on good is indeed a necessary part of happiness is that it is accompanied by mutual respect and trust, as well as support and selfless cooperation with each other. All these things are part of what makes human beings happy. Without such virtues found in true friendship, then human beings would have empty souls. Aristotle candidly states that friendship based on good cannot be separated from happiness, that is, having friends is by all means part and parcel of being happy. There may be no limit or minimum of the number of true friends that one may need in order to be happy. However, Aristotle says that an individual can have close friendship with an ex tremely limited number of people simultaneously. Friendship is by all means an important part of human life. Aristotle says, â€Å"there are three types of friendship: friendship based on pleasure, usefulness and virtue (Book VIII Chapter 3).† Friendship based on virtue is the only genuine friendship. Friendship based on either usefulness or pleasure tends not to last for long. This means that it will only last for as long as each individual or party derives the pleasure or usefulness he wants from the relationship. Friendship based on the good translates to friendship based on virtues. Virtue based friendship entails wishing good for other people. This kind of friendship is indeed genuine and is necessary for all individuals to be able to grow holistically and gain self-knowledge. Friendship based on good presupposes justice, encompassed in many other virtues. The most outstanding virtue of a friend is love. Aristotle posits interestingly that the existing relationship betwe en friends is more like the harmonious relationship between the different parts of the soul of a man of virtue. Aristotle views friendship as being equivalent to self-love. This may seem as though he is advocating for some sought of egoism. Aristotle is quick to rule out this conclusion by outlining the distinction between the good and the negative forms of self-love. Aristotle argues that real or true self-love

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research Paper Example SAS did not look back from then onwards. Continuous research and development helped the software achieve new milestones in the industry with the ability of the software to run on different platforms and across multivendor system architecture, which it is still famous for. One interesting point worth mentioning here is that the company kept on expanding and becoming more and more global each day, the internal corporate cultures and values have remained the same throughout. It is a privately help company. The solutions provided by the company have helped client organizations innovate and improve their performance. The company motto is ‘The power to know’ and this is what they do for their customers, they help the customers make better, informed decisions. The company proudly states that they impact every single person every day they believe that they have role in the daily lives of everyone. SAS has been able to help organizations utilize the greatest and most powerful ass et they possess, the data and has helped them in turning it into useful information. SAS is uses at more than 50,000 sites in more than 100 countries around the globe including the 93 out of the top 100 Companies on the Fortune 500 Global list of 2010 (About SAS, 2011). Right from its birth, the company had a unique organizational culture. They had instilled a unique value within the employees of the organizations that the business of doing business is everyone’s job. An example of this approach is back in the early days, when a shipment of user manuals came, everyone stopped whatever they were doing and formed a human chain to ship those manuals to the storage space on the second floor. The company always maintained their focus on the customers right from the start. They had employees listened to the customers and tried to answer their queries and take their suggestions into consideration. Emphasis on the satisfaction of employees was as important as customer satisfaction. T he company offered a flexible work environment and a employee-friendly culture and it did so right from its start and has maintained its trademark up till now. They have also gained continuous recognition from FORTUNE, Working Mother, BusinessWeek, and Mother Jones Magazines for their great work place environment. Not only the company managed to maintain a great work culture at its head office, it has also managed to do the same while earning recognition for it at the same time. In 1999, SAS Australia was the first office outside USA to be recognized as a great place to work. Other offices around the world also started getting recognition for the same reason later on. In USA, SAS has been consistently in the list of â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work for† since 1998 and it was named no. 1 in the same list during 2010 and 2011. The above-mentioned statistics and information highlight the success of the company from the time it came into being. Several factors are responsible for making a corporation successful. SAS has emphasized and implemented certain strategies and indulged into a work culture that has made it largest privately held software company and the no. 1 employer in the United States. Critical Success Factors SAS CEO, Jim Goodnight regards employees as their most valuable assets and this has clearly been one of the main reason behind their exceptional success in the past 35 years of their existence (Culture, 2011). Several changes have evolved in the business model as well as the employee

5000 word essay Critically compare and contrast jungian therapy versus

5000 word Critically compare and contrast jungian therapy versus person centred counselling - Essay Example Therefore, this focuses on assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioural problems and disorders. If one desires to deal with this ability, it would encompass the efforts on the ways in which the human psyche interacts with physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and dysfunction. Clinical psychology uses the scientific method to approach and understand human problems in behaviour, emotions, thinking, relationships, and health, and it uses what is known about the principles of human behaviour to help people with numerous troubles and concerns they experience during the course of life in their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. Contemporary clinical psychology uses integrative approaches to understand and address problems in human behaviour. Individual perspectives, indeed, contribute important pieces of understanding to the puzzle of human behaviour, but these pieces often need to be joined in a novel way together to visualize the whole picture and to provide the most complete and holistic perspective. For example, advances in biology have provided important knowledge about the role of neurotransmitters in depression. Similarly personal variables, such as, poverty, discrimination, and community support in depression are well appreciated. Ultimately , an intelligent melding of these biological, psychological, and social factors leads to intervention strategies that best address the complex needs of depressed individuals. Thus, one theoretical orientation alone may not address the complexity of the person seeking help. Although various clinical psychologists may be closely aligned to one particular theoretical or philosophical orientation, most contemporary clinical psychologists believe that problems in human behaviour are multidimensional, and they, therefore, use an integrative approach that suggests that

Marketing For Chanel And Ports

Marketing For Chanel And Ports Chanel, one of the most premier luxury product company (Thorogood, ND) that is from France, was established by Gabrielle Chanel who was the most influential designer of the twentieth century (Chanelworld, 2006) in 1910. The design style of Chanel inclines toward unadorned to instead of gorgeous (Yournewfragrance, 2010). The first design of Gabrielle was hats which were sold to fashionable mistresses in a meeting. It was an opportunity that making numerous fashionable noblewomen know her products. Except for hats, costume, jewelry, perfume and textile were devised for women (Womenshistory, 2010). 1.1.2 Ports Figure 2 the symbol of Ports (Imgsrc, nd) I make clothes for a woman who is intelligent: a woman who is doesnt want to wear things that will distract from her Luke Tanabe (PORTS founder) Ports was founded by Luke Tanabe in Canada in 1961. He dreamed of establishing company about luxury clothes in virtue of the social reform which led to the design style of clothes to be transformed radically (Ports-intl, 2010a). His first design was the NO.10 blouse which inaugurated the new fashion epoch. The blouse was popular in Canada, the UK, and Australia because of plain and exquisite tailoring (Ports-intl, 2010a). 1.2 Theory 1.2.1 Market Mix Marketing Mix is that element of a firms marketing strategies which are designed to meet the needs of its customers, including product, price, place and promotion (Hall et all, 2008:p75). It means that companies must use reasonable prices and complete promotions to sell correct products in the right places (Hall et all, 2008:p75) 1.2.2 Market Segmentation Market segmentation means that companies stand on marketing research to confirm and classify the purchasers which have parallel needs, embracing geographically, demographically, psychographically, and behaviourally. (Hall et all, 2008:p66) 1.3 Aims According to Cnga.org (2009), China will become the third biggest market of luxury during 5 years. Therefore, in this report, Chanel and Ports are analysed about the Market Mix and the demographics of Market segmentation in China. Furthermore, aspects of these two companies are compared and contrasted. Finally, there are the conclusion and recommendations to Chanel and Ports. Findings 2.1 Market Mix 2.1.1 Product 2.1.1.1 Chanel Product is one of factors in Marketing Mix. Chanel offers fashionable, luxurious and stylish products (935.ibm, 2002); and further, the materials of Chanels apparels and leathers are admired by consumers on account of retaining the stuff stronger (Yournewfragrance, 2010). What is more, Chanel sternly restrains the design, manufacture, consignment, and commercial to promise the best criterion of the product (935.ibm, 2002). 2.1.1.2 Ports The attires of Ports, which are use the best fabric from Italy, are celebrated because of shirts (Ftchinese, 2007), such as the plain and exquisite NO.10 blouse. Moreover, the packaging is one of the best methods to show the products for companies. The colour of Portss shopping paper bag was changed black into brown which is Portss symbol. 2.1.2 Price 2.1.2.1 Chanel Price is another aspect for Market Mix. The price of Chanel must far higher than other ordinary similar companies owing to two premier causes. For one thing, Chanel is an international luxury brand so that its material is quality and the careful tailoring which is second reason. For example, According to Ib100 (2008), a shirt of Chanel is sold approximately RMB 2,600 in China; however the shirt of Ports is sold RMB 1,799 (Ports-intl, 2010b). 2.1.2.2 Ports The prices of Portss merchandises are reasonable when compared to other luxury brands. According to (Ports-intl, 2010c), the prices of shirts are between RMB 1,100 and 2,000 in China, however, the prices are 30%-50% lower than other luxury companies for similar quality and style, which can encourage consumers to spend. (Blog.sina, 2009) 2.1.3 Place 2.1.3.1 Chanel The place is the third part in the Marketing Mix. Cn.chanel (nd) shows that there are 17 Chanel boutiques to be managed in China, and most of them are located in upscale shopping centers or in stores that have numerous purchasers. Major airports also have Chanel boutiques. In addition, Chanel plans to sell its products on the Internet. 2.1.3.2 Ports Ftchinese (2007) report that Ports has 370 stores all over the world; nevertheless, approximately 82% of its stores are built in major cities of China because the Chinese are its favorite customers, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Xiamen ( Portsdesign, 2005: P4). Furthermore, these stores are located in large shopping centers with a heavy flow of consumer traffic. Finally, products of Ports also are sold on the Internet (Ports-intl, 2010d). 2.1.4 Promotion 2.1.4.1 Chanel The last element is promotion, which can help companies sell their products. There are two different promotional measures of Chanel. First of all, the attire of Chanel is demonstrated in movies (Womenshistory, 2010). Apart from movies, famous actors are invited to occupy spokesmodels, such as Nicole Kidman who can make the products become classical (Yournewfragrance, 2010). 2.1.4.2 Ports There are three different manners to be used by Ports. To begin with, Ports is one of the largest advertisers in the PRC that is a fashion magazineà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Portsdesign, 2005:p9). Secondly, the clothes were worn in movies, such as The Devil Wears Prada. Thirdly, it is the best manner that Ports contribute RMB500, 000 to Chinese Red Cross because of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. It not only helps victims, but can also increase the image of Ports. 2.2 Market Segmentation The primary aspect of Marketing Segmentation is demographics which will be introduced, comprising six parts, such as age, income, gender, social class, religion and ethnic grouping (Hall et all, 2008:p67-69) 2.2.1 Chanel Chanel stands on gender, income and lifestyle to segment its market. To start with, the feminine products are the most important orientation for Chanel, although Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer of Chanel after Gabrielle Chanel, began to design the merchandise for males in 1981 (Yournewfragrance, 2010). Besides, most of consumers are gentlewomen who do not need to possess vocations and always attend different banquets which are their lifestyles; hence Chanel has no misgivings about the social class of its consumers, and it barely attaches importance to the income because the cost of Chanel is high. Luxuryinstitute (2007) shows, consumers of Chanel have an income above RMB 2,002,000. 2.2.2 Ports Market segmentations, such as age, income, lifestyle and social class, are used by Ports to decide the scope of purchasers. Above all, the audiences of ports aged between 25 and 45 (Portsdesign, 2005:p5), thus Ports does not produce the apparels of children or elderly humans, and it merely designs for adults which are its orientation. The income, lifestyle and social class are, moreover, the main aspects to classify the consumers. It is a chance for Ports that increasingly women have their own occupations in China because Ports identifies the consumers who have high income over RMB 100,000 every year, living and working in large modern cities, such as manager, lawyer which occupation request well education (blog.sina, 2009). Discussion 3.1 Compare and contract Market Mix of two companies 3.1.1 Product Both Chanel and Ports use the quality fabric to design the luxury products for females; nevertheless, Chanel severely dominates designs and manufactures to ensure the barely flawless products, hence consumers are inclined to treasure its products which are symbol of purchasers status. Ports is different from Chanel, it tends to design the attires for career women. 3.1.2 Price Furthermore, the cost of Ports is lower than Chanels because of two reasons. For a start, Chanel is more celebrated than Ports; moreover, the cost of Ports are lower than other luxury brands because the products of Ports are made in China so that barely deliver the minimum importing tax to Chinese government and there has a low labor cost in China (blog.sina 2009). As a result, the productions cost are lower, the prices are lower too. 3.1.3 Place The largest difference between Chanel and Ports of Sale Place is that only 17 Chanel boutiques are managed in China; in contrast, the Portss main marketing is in China. However, Chanel is similar to Ports because they sell their merchandises in the large shopping centers or on the Internet. 3.1.4 Promotion The similar promotions of Chanel and ports are that their apparels were used in the movies, and invited famous actors to occupy their spokesmodels. Whereas, it is the large different that Ports donates money to humans who encounter disaster, such as Whenchuan earthquake. 3.2 Compare and contract Market Segmentation of two companies. After Market segmentations of Chanel and Ports were analyzed. Income and lifestyle, which are element of segmentation, are the similar for those two companies because both them are international luxury goods so that the prices are higher than other common clothes companies. However, some factors of segmentation are different between Chanel and Ports. The biggest dissimilarity is that Ports produces the goods for females and males who aged 25-45; on the contrary, the women are main consumers for Chanel which company do not worried about the age, therefore the elderly women, such as Queen Elizabeth II, also can wear the attire of Chanel. Consequently, Ports segments the marketing though age; in comparison, the gender is the main segmentation for Chanel. Conclusion All in all, even though Chanel is more famous than Ports, Chanel is luxury brands with Ports; they have different or similar manners to operate their companies, such as promotion. While Ports and Chanel showed the clothes in the movies, Ports also use other significance ways to promote which is a large different for Chanel. Recommendations Chanel depends on movies and actors to promote their products; however, Chanel can study Ports, using money to help impoverished humans which is one of the best ways. It can increase image of Chanel, making human consider that Chanel has the common aspects too, and assist others. In addition, ports still need to use more advertising to increase the celebrity rating because it is not extremely well-know in worldwide.